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Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Normal Female > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Normal Female Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does puberty typically occur in goats? Sheep?

A

Goats - 6 months (4-12)

Sheep - 6 months (5-12)

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2
Q

What is the average length of the goat estrous cycle?

A

21 days

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3
Q

What is the average length of the sheep estrous cycle?

A

17 days

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4
Q

How many hours is estrus on average in the goat and sheep?

A

30 hours

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5
Q

When does ovualtion typically occur during the goat estrous cyle?

A

The last third (hour 24) of estrus

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6
Q

When does ovulation typically occur during estrus in the sheep?

A

24-30 hours after the start of estrus

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7
Q

What type of breeders are sheep and goats?

A

Short day length

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8
Q

Is there a male effect on the estrus of a goat?

A

Yes - it is strong but short lived

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9
Q

Is there a male effect on the estrus of a sheep?

A

Yes - but it is not as strong as in the goat

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10
Q

How long is gestation in the goat?

A

147-155 days (150 average)

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11
Q

How long is gestation in the sheep?

A

145-150 days (147 average)

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12
Q

What type of ovulators are small ruminants?

A

Seasonal, polyestrous, spontaneous ovulators

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13
Q

How many follicular waves are there during the small ruminant estrous cycle?

A

3-4 follicular waves

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14
Q

What size is the typical dominant follicle of the small ruminant? What size is ovulated?

A

Dominant - 5mm

Ovulate - 6-9mm

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15
Q

How many lamb ‘crops’ per year is typical?

A

1 lamb crop a year

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16
Q

What are the pros to accelerated lambing?

A

Marketability, efficiency and cost effectiveness, and distribution of labor

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17
Q

What are the cons to accelerated lambing?

A

Intensive management, steady labor, and requires better feedstuffs

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18
Q

What are the RFRP neurons regulated by?

A

melatonin

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19
Q

What is the current hypothesis in regards to RFRP and Kisspeptin neurons and seasonality?

A

RFRP expression undergoes a conserved inhibition in short photoperiod but kisspeptin may be stimulatory or inhibitory according to the reproductive physiology of the species

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20
Q

When does breeding typically occur in small ruminants naturally?

A

Fall breeding for spring newborns

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21
Q

What is the normal male to female ratio in natural breeding?

A

1:30 male to female ratio

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22
Q

What can change the normal male to female ratio during natural breeding?

A

synchronization and hand breeding

23
Q

What type of placentation do small ruminants have?

A

Epitheliochorial cotyledonary with cup shaped placentomes

24
Q

When does maternal recognition occur?

A

Day 12 of gestation - interferon tau

25
Q

When does fetal attachment occur?

A

18 days

26
Q

What is the pregnancy maintained by in the sheep?

A

Progesterone (CL) until day 75

27
Q

What takes over for maintenance of pregnancy in the sheep at day 75?

A

The feto-placental unit

28
Q

What is in charge of pregnancy maintenance in the goat? Unitl when?

A

Progesterone (CL) for the entire pregnancy

29
Q

What initiates parturition in the small ruminant?

A

fetal adrenal cortex - stress

30
Q

What is stage 1 of parturition and how long does it last?

A

Prepping - 1-4 hours

31
Q

What is stage 2 of parurition and how long does it last?

A

Expulsion of the fetus(s) - <2 hours

32
Q

What is stage 3 or parturition and how long does it last?

A

Fetal membrane expulsion - <8 hours

33
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed in the small ruminant?

A

Non-return to estrus, ultrasound, and hormone assay

34
Q

Aside from pregnancy, what else can cause non-return to estrus?

A

Pathology, seasonality issues, and false estrus or anestrus

35
Q

True or False: Transrectal ultrasound is the gold standard for diagnosing pregnancy in small ruminants.

A

False - you should not do transrectal ultrasound - trans-abdominal ultrasound however is acceptable

36
Q

How early is trans-abdominal ultrasound reliable to detect pregnancy?

A

As early as 30 days

37
Q

What can you assess when doing a trans-abdominal ultrasound on a pregnant small ruminant?

A

Placenta confirmation, fetal numbers, fetal viability, and any abnormalities

38
Q

What hormone assays can be done to diagnose pregnancy in a small ruminant?

A

Estrone sulphate, progesterone, and PSPB or PAGs

39
Q

How early can estrone sulphate detect pregnancy? What does it use? How accurate is it?

A

It can detect pregnancy in a small ruminant that is 50 days or further from a milk or urine sample. It is 100% accurate

40
Q

How early can a progesterone assay detect a pregnancy? Using what sample? How accurate?

A

It can detect a pregnancy as early as 17 days using milk or serum. There are many reported false positives

41
Q

How early can a PSPB or PAGs detect pregnancy in sheep with serum? Milk?

A

Serum - 35 days or greater

Milk - 60 days or greater

42
Q

How early can a PSPB or PAGs detect pregnancy in goats with serum? Milk?

A

Serum and Milk - 28 days or greater

43
Q

What occurs during stage 1 of parturition?

A

They stop eating, udder/teats distend, and relax

The cervix dilates

44
Q

What occurs during stage 2 of parturition?

A

Strong contractions, breaking of CA and aminion

45
Q

What is the typical PPP of small ruminants during parturition?

A

Cranial longitudinal, dorsal sacral, and forelimbs and head in full extension

46
Q

When is induction used in ewes?

A

As a management tool or in cases of pregnancy toxemia

47
Q

When is the preferred time for induction in a ewe?

A

greater than 142 days

48
Q

What would you use to induce a ewe after day 137?

A

Dexamethasone

49
Q

How quickly do ewes respond to induction injection?

A

within 36-48 hours post injection

50
Q

What can be given with dexamethasone to hasten the parturition period in induced ewes?

A

PGF

51
Q

When is the best time to induce a doe?

A

At least 144 days

52
Q

What can be used to induce parturition in a doe?

A

PGF

53
Q

When is dexamethasone indicated to be used with PGF in doe induction?

A

in cases of pregnancy toxemia

54
Q

How quickly do does respond to PGF induction?

A

24-36 hours post administration

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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