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Disturbances in Reproduction > Swine 2b > Flashcards

Swine 2b Flashcards

1
Q

What structure helps collect oocytes?

A

The infundibulum

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2
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampullary-Isthmic junction

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3
Q

Where is the site of semen deposition?

A

The interdigitating pads

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4
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What does GnRH stimulate? To do what?

A

It stimulates the gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

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6
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete? What does it do?

A

Inhibin to privide negative feedback on the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What do granulosa cells convert?

A

Androgens to estrogens

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8
Q

What do thecal cells secrete?

A

androgens

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9
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

Mature follicles and provide negative feedback at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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10
Q

When do estrogens provide positive feedback to the hypothalamus?

A

When there is a mature follicle, estrogens are secreted and act on the surge center to increase GnRH release and stimulate the LH surge

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11
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

A microscopic follicle where the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells. It is immature and the smallest follicle in the ovarian cortex.

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12
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells - it is the resting stage and the stage of the majority of follicles

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13
Q

What is a proliferating primary follicle?

A

Increase in size of oocyte and height of follilcar cells

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14
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

A follicle surrounded by several layers of follicular (granuloca cells) - there is no antrum

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15
Q

What is a tertiary follicle?

A

A follicle that forms a fluid filled cavity. There is differentiation of several distinct cell layers in the follicle wall

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16
Q

What is a graafian follicle?

A

a follicle that is near ovulation

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17
Q

When does a corpus hemorrhagicum form? What are the E2 and P4 levels like at this point?

A

During a metestrus phase: decreased E2 and increased P4

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18
Q

What structure is formed when estrogen is at the minimum and progesterone is at the maximum?

A

Corpora lutea

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19
Q

What is anestrus?

A

When the female is not cycling - there is no expression of heat over time

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20
Q

When does proestrus occur?

A

During day 17-20 of the estrous cycle

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21
Q

Generally, what occurs during proestrus?

A

The CL is undergoing regression, progesterone levels fall which allows for final follicular development

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22
Q

Specifically, what occurs during proestrus?

A

Tertiary follicle(s) and oocytes undergo final maturation

Estrogen levels increase

Dominant follicles are in the Graafian stage FSH and LH stimulate final maturation

The female becomes receptive

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23
Q

What does estrogen do during the proestrus stage?

A

It prepares the uterus and oviducts for sperm transport and fertilization (smooth muscle contractions and cilia movement)

It initiates uterine changes for later embryo development (uterine galnds and oviduct secretion

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24
Q

What is the difference in ovulation between pigs and cows?

A

Pigs can ovulate when showing signs of heat

25
Q

When does estrus occur?

A

Day 0 of the estrous cycle - it is the day of standing heat

26
Q

How long does estrus last?

A

24-72 hours

27
Q

When does metestrus occur?

A

During day 2-4 of the estrous cycle

28
Q

When does the embryo move into the uterus? What does it do prior to this?

A

It partially develops in the oviduct and moves into the uterus at approximately day 4-5

29
Q

When does embryo implantation occur?

A

around day 11 or 12

30
Q

When is diestrus?

A

Day 5-17 of the estrous cycle

31
Q

When is the corpus luteum at its maximum size and mature?

A

Day 12 of the estrous cycle

32
Q

What hormone dominates during diestrus?

A

progesterone

33
Q

How many embryos do you need for maternal recognition?

A

At least 2 embryos in each horn

34
Q

If there is maternal recognition, what happens to the CL?

A

there is no regression

35
Q

If there is not maternal recognition, what happens to the CL?

A

The uterus releases prostaglandin to cause CL regression

36
Q

If the CL regresses, what occurs?

A

Progesterone in the blood decreases and Graafian follicles begin final development that occurs in proestrus for ovulation at estrus.

37
Q

The follicular phase is the phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under ______ stimulation.

A

estrogen

38
Q

The luteal phase is the phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under _______ stimulation.

A

progesterone

39
Q

Define maternal recognition of pregnancy.

A

Chemical message (usually hormonal) which results in maintenance of the CL. Either through inhibiting prostaglandin production from the endometrium, preventing release from uterus or protecting CL from prostaglandin effects

40
Q

What do aflotoxins from corn cause in pigs?

A

Pseudopregnancy and early embryonic death

41
Q

How is aflotoxin ingestion treated?

A

Get off of moldy corn and give prostaglandin

42
Q

a.

A

ovulation

43
Q

b.

A

fertilization

44
Q

c.

A

Corpora lutea produce progesterone

45
Q

d.

A

blastocysts hatching and entry into the uterus

46
Q

e.

A

Conceptus elongation and production of estrogen and IL-1

47
Q

f.

A

attachment and implantation

48
Q

g.

A

115 days of gestation

49
Q

h.

A

Corpora lutea lysed via uterine prostaglandin

50
Q

i.

A

new follicular growht

51
Q

j.

A

corpora lutea maintained throughout gestation

52
Q

Seasonally infertility coincides with increased environmental temps during what months?

A

July-September

53
Q

Reduced farrowing rates occur during what months?

A

November-December

54
Q

When does heat stress occur?

A

When energy is generated by an animal is unable to dissipate due to increased environmental temperature

55
Q

How much does heat stess cost the swine industry annually? Why?

A

$900 million dollars due to reduced reproductive capacity, reduced growth rates, changes to carcass composition, and increased mortality

56
Q

When does normal sperm production decrease?

A

When ambient temperature increases and remains above 29 degrees C for as little as 48 hours

57
Q

When does fertility in the boar reach its lowest point in relation to temperature increase?

A

3-6 weeks after the initial increase in temperature

58
Q

When are decreases in sow fertility greatest?

A

When bred to boars 4 to 6 weeks after exposure to high temperatures

59
Q

What are the recommendations for management of a boar that interacts with ambient temperatures greater than 28 degrees C?

A

Cool the boars - evaporate cooling, drip cooling, or shade or wallows for boars housed outside

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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