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Disturbances in Reproduction > Swine 2b > Flashcards

Swine 2b Flashcards

1
Q

What structure helps collect oocytes?

A

The infundibulum

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2
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampullary-Isthmic junction

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3
Q

Where is the site of semen deposition?

A

The interdigitating pads

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4
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What does GnRH stimulate? To do what?

A

It stimulates the gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

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6
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete? What does it do?

A

Inhibin to privide negative feedback on the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What do granulosa cells convert?

A

Androgens to estrogens

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8
Q

What do thecal cells secrete?

A

androgens

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9
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

Mature follicles and provide negative feedback at the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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10
Q

When do estrogens provide positive feedback to the hypothalamus?

A

When there is a mature follicle, estrogens are secreted and act on the surge center to increase GnRH release and stimulate the LH surge

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11
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

A microscopic follicle where the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells. It is immature and the smallest follicle in the ovarian cortex.

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12
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells - it is the resting stage and the stage of the majority of follicles

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13
Q

What is a proliferating primary follicle?

A

Increase in size of oocyte and height of follilcar cells

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14
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

A follicle surrounded by several layers of follicular (granuloca cells) - there is no antrum

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15
Q

What is a tertiary follicle?

A

A follicle that forms a fluid filled cavity. There is differentiation of several distinct cell layers in the follicle wall

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16
Q

What is a graafian follicle?

A

a follicle that is near ovulation

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17
Q

When does a corpus hemorrhagicum form? What are the E2 and P4 levels like at this point?

A

During a metestrus phase: decreased E2 and increased P4

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18
Q

What structure is formed when estrogen is at the minimum and progesterone is at the maximum?

A

Corpora lutea

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19
Q

What is anestrus?

A

When the female is not cycling - there is no expression of heat over time

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20
Q

When does proestrus occur?

A

During day 17-20 of the estrous cycle

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21
Q

Generally, what occurs during proestrus?

A

The CL is undergoing regression, progesterone levels fall which allows for final follicular development

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22
Q

Specifically, what occurs during proestrus?

A

Tertiary follicle(s) and oocytes undergo final maturation

Estrogen levels increase

Dominant follicles are in the Graafian stage FSH and LH stimulate final maturation

The female becomes receptive

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23
Q

What does estrogen do during the proestrus stage?

A

It prepares the uterus and oviducts for sperm transport and fertilization (smooth muscle contractions and cilia movement)

It initiates uterine changes for later embryo development (uterine galnds and oviduct secretion

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24
Q

What is the difference in ovulation between pigs and cows?

A

Pigs can ovulate when showing signs of heat

25
When does estrus occur?
Day 0 of the estrous cycle - it is the day of standing heat
26
How long does estrus last?
24-72 hours
27
When does metestrus occur?
During day 2-4 of the estrous cycle
28
When does the embryo move into the uterus? What does it do prior to this?
It partially develops in the oviduct and moves into the uterus at approximately day 4-5
29
When does embryo implantation occur?
around day 11 or 12
30
When is diestrus?
Day 5-17 of the estrous cycle
31
When is the corpus luteum at its maximum size and mature?
Day 12 of the estrous cycle
32
What hormone dominates during diestrus?
progesterone
33
How many embryos do you need for maternal recognition?
At least 2 embryos in each horn
34
If there is maternal recognition, what happens to the CL?
there is no regression
35
If there is not maternal recognition, what happens to the CL?
The uterus releases prostaglandin to cause CL regression
36
If the CL regresses, what occurs?
Progesterone in the blood decreases and Graafian follicles begin final development that occurs in proestrus for ovulation at estrus.
37
The follicular phase is the phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under ______ stimulation.
estrogen
38
The luteal phase is the phase of the female estrous cycle when she is under _______ stimulation.
progesterone
39
Define maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Chemical message (usually hormonal) which results in maintenance of the CL. Either through inhibiting prostaglandin production from the endometrium, preventing release from uterus or protecting CL from prostaglandin effects
40
What do aflotoxins from corn cause in pigs?
Pseudopregnancy and early embryonic death
41
How is aflotoxin ingestion treated?
Get off of moldy corn and give prostaglandin
42
a.
ovulation
43
b.
fertilization
44
c.
Corpora lutea produce progesterone
45
d.
blastocysts hatching and entry into the uterus
46
e.
Conceptus elongation and production of estrogen and IL-1
47
f.
attachment and implantation
48
g.
115 days of gestation
49
h.
Corpora lutea lysed via uterine prostaglandin
50
i.
new follicular growht
51
j.
corpora lutea maintained throughout gestation
52
Seasonally infertility coincides with increased environmental temps during what months?
July-September
53
Reduced farrowing rates occur during what months?
November-December
54
When does heat stress occur?
When energy is generated by an animal is unable to dissipate due to increased environmental temperature
55
How much does heat stess cost the swine industry annually? Why?
$900 million dollars due to reduced reproductive capacity, reduced growth rates, changes to carcass composition, and increased mortality
56
When does normal sperm production decrease?
When ambient temperature increases and remains above 29 degrees C for as little as 48 hours
57
When does fertility in the boar reach its lowest point in relation to temperature increase?
3-6 weeks after the initial increase in temperature
58
When are decreases in sow fertility greatest?
When bred to boars 4 to 6 weeks after exposure to high temperatures
59
What are the recommendations for management of a boar that interacts with ambient temperatures greater than 28 degrees C?
Cool the boars - evaporate cooling, drip cooling, or shade or wallows for boars housed outside

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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