Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disturbances in Reproduction > Small Ruminant - Abnormal Female > Flashcards

Small Ruminant - Abnormal Female Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause dystocia in the small ruminant?

A

Presentation, position, and posture variations, maternal-fetal mismatch, ringwomb, and uterine torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you manage dystocias in the small ruminant?

A

Clean, lube, and manipulate gently - only use your hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why should you always wear gloves when managing dystocias in small ruminants?

A

Most pathogens that affect the small ruminant are zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ringwomb?

A

When the cervix does not dilate during parturition, the fetal membranes are intact, fetal fluids are present, and the fetus is alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: Patients with ringwomb typically do not show signs of stage 1 labor

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If ringwomb is left undiagnosed or treated, what can result?

A

hypoxia, septicemia, and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is ringwomb treated?

A

C-section or PGF, Dex, and Estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If you choose to use estrogen instead of performing a C-section in the cases of ringwomb, what must you keep in mind about the mother?

A

The mother cannot be used for food because estrogens are prohibited in food animal medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is early dilation syndrome?

A

Incomplete dilation 1-2 weeks prior to term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Will patients with early dilation syndrome be able to complete parturition on their own?

A

no, they will need assistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If early dilation syndrome goes untreated, what can occur?

A

Uterine prolapse, uterine tears, and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is early dilation syndrome treated?

A

C-section +/- antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the indications for C-sections in small ruminants?

A

Unable to fix dystocia manually or systemic illness necessitating emergency care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the surgical approach for C-section in small ruminants?

A

Left paralumbar (flank) or ventral midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ace can be used in sheep/goats Xylazine can be used in sheep/goats.

A

sheep, goats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the C-section procedure in the small ruminant.

A

Use local analgesia. Cut through the thin abdominal musculature (flank), isolate the uterus, excise and remove all fetus(s). Closure is similar to bovine with inverting pattern. Routine body wall closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What post operative care is needed for small ruminant c-sections?

A

Abxs and NSAIDs

Suture removal in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What percentage of C-sections result in retained placenta?

A

40 % result in retained placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pregnancy toxemia?

A

A potentially fatal metabolic disorder occurring during late pregnancy (1-3 weeks pre-partum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pregnancy toxemia is commonly seen and associated with animals carrying how many fetuses?

A

multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is pregnancy toxemia commonly seen with animals carryig multiple fetuses?

A

Because there is inadequate nutrition during late gestation (insufficient energy for fetal growth and normal maintenance)

22
Q

How much does energy requirements for fetal growth increase by late gestation?

A

23-42% - 30-40g of glucose/day/fetus which results in a significant negative energy balance

23
Q

What predisposing risk factors increase the risk for pregnancy toxemia?

A

Under-nutrition or over-nutrition

Ketosis in goats after kidding

24
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pregnancy toxemia?

A

They are over 100 days pregnant, anorexia, depression, commonly with neurologic signs leading to recumbency and death
Low blood glucose, fetal death, and septicemia leading to maternal death

25
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?

A

Based on history, urinary and blood ketone concentration, clinical signs, and deranged electrolytes
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) level
NEFA level

26
Q

What will you see in a postpartum animal with pregnancy toxemia?

A

fatty liver and serous atrophy of fat

27
Q

What BHBA level is associated with subclinical pregnancy toxemia?

A

greater than or equal to 0.8 mmol/L

28
Q

What BHBA level is associated with clinical pregnancy toxemia?

A

> 3 mmol/L

29
Q

Patients with pregnancy toxemia will be hypo/hyper glycemic and/or hypo/hyper calcemic.

A

hypoglycemic. Hypocalcemic

30
Q

What does an elevated NEFA level indicate in a patient with pregnancy toxemia?

A

impaired liver function

31
Q

How are early signs of pregnancy toxemia treated?

A

Aggressive management and correction of energy with oral propylene glycol and electrolytes
Feeding palatable energy rich feeds

32
Q

How are late signs of pregnancy toxemia treated?

A

IV glucose, correct electrolyte imbalances, +/- calcium, propylene glycol
Induction or emergency C-section

33
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia prevented?

A

Proper nutritional and preventative management techniques
ID multiple fetus carrying dams and grouping and feeding appropriately
Evaluate BCS at mid-gestation
Monitor serum BHBA concentration (<0.7mmol/L)

34
Q

Is uterine prolapse more common in goats or sheep? When?

A

Sheep in the last 3 weeks of gestation

35
Q

What can cause uterine prolapse?

A

Obesity, close tail docking, respiratory disease, low-quality forage diets, estrogenic feedstuffs, and over- or under- conditioning

36
Q

How is uterine prolapse treated?

A

Epidural, elevate hindquarters, clean, lube, and replace gently, and place retention sutures, harness or prolapse devices.
May need to treat prolapsed bladder if present

37
Q

How is uterine prolapse prevented?

A

Cull affected animals from the breeding program and treat concurrent illness in flock

38
Q

Pseudopregnancy/hydro-mucometra is more common in goats or sheep?

A

goats

39
Q

What is pseudopregnancy/hydro-mucometra due to?

A

Failure of luteal regression, over manipulation of estrous cycle, and/or genetic

40
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pseudoprenancy/hydro-mucometra?

A

Anestrus, increased abdominal size, mammary development, vaginal discharge, and hydro or mucometra

41
Q

How is pseudopregnancy/hydro-mucometra diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound or response to treatment

42
Q

What is the treatment for pseudopregnancy/hydro-mucometra?

A

PGF treatments (x2) and surgery in extreme situations

43
Q

What is hypocalcemia in breeding animals also known as?

A

milk fever

44
Q

What small ruminant does hypocalcemia commonly occur in?

A

dairy goats

45
Q

When does hypocalcemia commonly occur?

A

late gestation, at parturition, and/or early lactation

46
Q

What population of dairy goats is hypocalcemia found in?

A

high producers (>3 years of age)

47
Q

What disease process is hypocalcemia secondary to?

A

pregnancy toxemia

48
Q

How is milk fever diagnosed?

A

history and hypocalcemia

49
Q

What clinical signs do patients with milk fever have?

A

Ataxia, nervousness, hyperactive, muscle trembling, and twitching
Can progress to anorexia, ruminal stasis, constipation, cold extremities and flaccid paralysis

50
Q

At what levels of blood calcium do severe signs occur?

A

<4 mg/dl

51
Q

How is milk fever treated?

A

IV calcium gluconate (can relapse), oral calcium gels (if subclinica), watch for resolution of clinical signs, and control dietary needs

52
Q

What are some other disorders that can occur in the pregnant female?

A

hydrops conditions, uterine prolapse, uterine ruptures and torsions, retained placentas, metritis and endometritis, and pyometra

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions