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Disturbances in Reproduction > SA - Small Animal Neonatal Care > Flashcards

SA - Small Animal Neonatal Care Flashcards

1
Q

When is the neonatal period?

A

The first 2-3 weeks of life when they have complete dependence on the mother

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2
Q

What are the essential components for normal neonatal transition?

A

Clearance of fetal lung fluid so that they can secrete surfactant and begin breathing on their own
Transition from fetal to neonatal circulation - decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance and increased pulmonary blood flow
Endocrine support of the transition

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3
Q

What triggers breathing in neonates after being expelled from the birth canal?

A

The CNS is triggered by change in temperature and environment

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4
Q

What do all newborns need?

A 
Warm, dry environment
Nourishment
Clear airway
Freedom from overwhelming exposure to infectious organisms
Protection from trauma
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5
Q

What supplies are needed for a PE of a neonate?

A

Pediatric stethoscope

Rapid digital thermometer than can measure down to at least 92F

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6
Q

During a PE, how do you assess hydration in a neonate?

A

by mucus membrane evaluation

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7
Q

What may a lack of hair/sparse hair coat on a neonate indicate?

A

A genetic abnormality or prematurity

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8
Q

What genetic abnormality may a lack of hair over the dorsum indicate?

A

spina bifida

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9
Q

What do you want to look for on the ventral abdomen when doing a PE on a neonate?

A

Look for hernias, urine scalding (persistent urachus), and overzealous mothering (cannibalism)

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10
Q

True or False: Discharge from any orifice aside from urination and defecation is abnormal in a neonate.

A

true

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11
Q

What do you want to look for when examining the head of a neonate?

A

open fontanels, clef palates, and bulging from behind the eyelids

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12
Q

What do you want to look for when examining the chest of the neonate?

A

flattening or malformations

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13
Q

Why would you want to stimulate the genitals or anus in a neonate?

A

To check for patency

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14
Q

When should the umbilical cord be dry? When should it fall off?

A

It should be dry within 24 hours and fall off by day 3-4

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15
Q

Sexing in puppies is easy, however sexing in kittens is difficult. What measurement can you use to determine the sex of a kitten?

A

Measure the anogenital distance
Females will be 7.6 +/- 1mm
Males will be 12.9 +/- 1.5 mm

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16
Q

What is the normal TPR for a neonate at birth?

A

HR - 160-200 bpm
RR - 10-20 bpm
Temp - 94.5-97.3 F

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17
Q

What is the normal TPR for a neonate in the first week of life?

A

HR - 200-220 bpm
RR - 16-35 bpm
Temp - 97.3 - 100.1 F

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18
Q

Characterize the first week of life of a neonate.

A

Sleep most of the day
Nurse vigorously for short periods every 2-4 hours
Only respond to stimuli shuch as odor, touch, and pain
The dam/queen initiates urination and defecation
Unable to regulate their own body temp

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19
Q

By what day of life should puppies and kittens be able to hold up their heads?

A

Day 3

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20
Q

By what day of life should puppies and kittens be able to crawl in a coordinated manner?

A

Day 7

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21
Q

When should a neonate double their birth weight by?

A

Day 7-10

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22
Q

When should a neonate be able to open their eyes by?

A

Day 10-12

Abyssinians may open at birth

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23
Q

When should a neonate’s external ear canals be open?

A

Day 10-14

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24
Q

What should neonates be able to do in the third week of life?

A

Stand and have good postural reflexes

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25
Q

Why is hypothermia such a serious problem in neonates?

A

They have no SQ fat thus they have little insulation

They are unable to regulate their body temperature within the first week

26
Q

What does hypothermia do to the gut?

A

It slows gut motility and causes ileus

27
Q

How does hypothermia affect cellular immune function?

A

It inhibits cellular immune function increasing the risk of infection

28
Q

What neonates are at a higher risk of complications due to hypothermia?

A

Assist fed neonates

29
Q

What complications can assist fed neonates get from hypothermia?

A

Milk replacer can get regurgitated or aspirated resulting in pneumonia
Fermentation can occur leading to bloat

30
Q

What should the ambient temperature (room temperature) be for neonates less than 1 week of age?

A

85-90 F with 55-65% humidity

31
Q

What should the ambient temperature (room temperature) be for neonates of 1-4 weeks of age?

A

80 F with 55-65% humidity

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothermia in the neonate?

A

Bloating, increase respiratory rates, restlessness, continuous crying, red mucous membranes, skin is cool to the touch, lethargy, uncoordination, and death

33
Q

What is the treatment for neonatal hypothermia?

A 
Slow reheating (2F/h) while keeping them dry
Warm fluids - PO not recommended
34
Q

How will the mucus membranes feel if a neonate is 5-7% dehydrated?

A

tacky to dry

35
Q

How will the mucus membranes feel if a neonate is 10% dehydrated?

A

very dry and noticeable decrease in skin elasticity

36
Q

What are the fluid requirements for neonates?

A

13-22 ml/100g body weight per day

37
Q

When doing fluid therapy, what is the recommended rate for neonates?

A

6 mL/kg/hour

38
Q

Why are neonates susceptible to hypoglycemia?

A

They have very little glycogen stores and there is a poor gluconeogenic response in the liver

39
Q

What is considered hypoglycemia in the neonate?

A

if serum glucose is <30 mg/dL

40
Q

What is considered hypoglycemia in a juvenile?

A

if serum glucose is <40 mg/dL

41
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hypoglycemia in the neonate?

A

Tremors, crying, irritability, increased appetite, dullness, lethargy, coma, stupor, and seizures

42
Q

What are the causes of hypoglycemia in the neonate?

A

Starvation, metabolic diseases, hepatic shunts, and Transient Juvenile hypoglycemia (Fatty liver syndrome)

43
Q

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia in the neonate?

A

Dextrose IV as part of a 5-10% dextrose in LRS or normal saline solution

44
Q

In free whelped neonates, what should the dam/queen do initially?

A

Lick off the fetal membranes, bite off the umbilical cord and eat the placenta, stimulate the neonate by licking, encourage nursing, and move it close to warm

45
Q

How long should you wait before intervening if you notice a dam/queen is not resuscitating her newborns?

A

30-60 seconds

46
Q

If you have to intervene when a dam/queen does not show interest, what should you do?

A

Rub the neonate with a warm towel and clear the nose and mouth. Use a mucus trap on the nostrils and mouth. Clamp the cord 1/4’’ from the body wall and then tie off

47
Q

What should you not do when stimulating a newborn? Why?

A

DO NOT SWING

You can cause an increase in intracranial pressure, a subdural hematoma, or end up killing it

48
Q

If dam begins savaging her pups, what should you do?

A

tranquilize her

49
Q

What is DAP and what does it do?

A

Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) - it promotes calm and secure behavior and allows for establishing a bond between neonate and mother

50
Q

If you have to separate a mother from her babies, what do you need to make sure happens?

A

You need to make sure that she can see and hear her babies

51
Q

If a neonate is not responding to rubbing, suctioning, and stimulating within 30-60 seconds, what should be done?

A

Suction the airway again, provide oxygen via face mask (intubate if face mask is not successful in 3-5 minutes), Jen Chung GV26 stimulation, chest compressions, and/or give epinephrine

52
Q

How do you prep for C-section pups?

A 
Have warm towels to dry/stimulate
Have an umbilical ligature
Mucus trap or bulb syringe
Oxygen
Reversal agents
Respiratory stimulant
Heat source
\+/- serum/plasma
53
Q

What does an APGAR score of 10-14 indicate?

A

the newborn is healthy

54
Q

What does an APGAR score of 5-9 indicate?

A

The newborn is moderately stressed

55
Q

What does an APGAR score of 0-4 indicate?

A

The newborn is severely stressed

56
Q

Do puppies need colostrum?

A

Yes, either from nursing or exernal sources

57
Q

What can be done to stimulate milk production?

A

Give Oxytocin, metoclopramide or domperidone orally, or do acupuncture

58
Q

How often should you weigh neonates?

A

Weigh at birth and then twice daily

59
Q

If a neonate is going to lose weight, when will it be?

A

within the first 24 hours, but not greater than 10%

60
Q

At what rate should neonates gain weight?

A

5-10% daily

61
Q

When should a neonate double its weight?

A

10-12 days

She said 7-10 days earlier in the ppt, so on the safe side I would assume between 7 and 12 days

62
Q

If a neonate needs supplemental feeding in order to gain weight, what can be given?

A

Esbilac or KMR - preferred mix

40 ml/kg

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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