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Disturbances in Reproduction > Equine - Mare BSE > Flashcards

Equine - Mare BSE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for a breeding soundness exam?

A

pre-breeding evaluation or pre-purchase evaluation

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2
Q

What are all of the components of a complete BSE?

A

history, PE, reproductive exam, vaginal exam, endometrial culture and cytology, and endometrial biopsy

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3
Q

What general history information should you get at BSE?

A

breed, age, vaccination and deworming history, boarding facilities, performance and travel history, previous vs. intended use, medical and surgical history, and feeding schedule/changes

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4
Q

What reproductive history information should you get?

A

Information about the estrous cycle, previous breedings/pregnancies, previous foaling experience, breeding method, abortions, evidence of vaginal discharge

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5
Q

What questions about the estrous cycle history should you ask?

A

Does she show heat? Interval between heats? Last known heat? Teasing ability? Teasing method?

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6
Q

What should you examine on an external evaluation for BSE?

A

the mammary system, conformation of the vulva, perineum, and anus, Caslicks, vaginal discharge, and clitoral evaluation

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7
Q

What is normal perineal conformation?

A

long axis of vulva should be vertical, well apposed vulvar labia, intact perineum, anus should not be sunken, and intact vestibulo vaginal seal

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8
Q

What are the steps of the Caslick’s procedure?

A
  1. Sedate and restrain more
  2. Clean and sanitize perineum then local anesthesia was injected locally into the vulvar lips
  3. Two vertical incisions were made through the submucosal and connective tissue layers of the vulvar lips
  4. Stitches were used to pull together the lips vertically
  5. The sutures should be removed after 10-14 days
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9
Q

How is internal evaluation of the reproductive tract done?

A

transrectal palpation/ultrasound

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10
Q

What should be evaluated internally?

A

Cervix/uterine body/uterine horns/ ovaries, cyclicity, abnormalities, pregnancy

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11
Q

How big should the ovaries be?

A

they should fit in the palm of your hand - kidney bean shaped

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12
Q

How, structurally, should the uterus be during anestrus? Early estrus? Late estrus? Diestrus?

A

Anestrus - Flaccid, thin walled, quiescent

Early estrus - thicker, more vascular, heavy

Late estrus - heavy, thick walled

Diestrus - toned

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13
Q

How, structurally, should the ovaries be during anestrus? Early estrus? Late estrus? Diestrus?

A

Anestrus - small, firm, inactive

Early estrus - Small follicles

Late estrus - medium to large follicles

Diestrus - follicles of various sizes, CL present

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14
Q

How, structurally, should the vagina be during anestrus? Early estrus? Late estrus? Diestrus?

A

Anestrus - pale, dry

Early estrus - pink, moist

Late estrus - purple-red, vascular, moist

Diestrus - pale, dry

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15
Q

How, structurally, should the cervix be during anestrus? Early estrus? Late estrus? Diestrus?

A

Anestrus - pale, dry, high and tightly closed

Early estrus - softening, moist, and pink

Late estrus - very soft, reddish pink, dropped to the floor

Diestrus - pale, dry, high and tightly closed

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16
Q

How can the vagina be examined?

A

via speculum or manual examination

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17
Q

What is the objective of doing a uterine (endometrial) culture?

A

determine whether microorganisms are present within the cavity of the uterus causing endometritis

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18
Q

When is a uterine culture indicated outside of a BSE?

A

prior to live cover or shipped semen or problem mares

19
Q

When are samples collected for a uterine culture?

A

during any season or stage of the estrous cycle but the preference is during the breeding season during early estrus

20
Q

What are the steps of sample collection for uterine culture?

A
  1. Clean perineum
  2. sterile sleeve +/- sterile gloves
  3. Sterile lubricant
  4. Pass double-guared swab through opened vulvar lips, vestibule, vagina and to the opening of the external cervical os
  5. Advance the inner guard from the outer guard and expose the swab to the uterine lumen
  6. Withdraw inner guard into outer guard
  7. Avoid contamination of the swab going in and out
  8. Place swab into transport system and submit to laboratory for AEROBIC culture
21
Q

What are the common isolated organisms in a uterine culture?

A

beta-hemolytic streptococci (zooepidemicus), E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae

22
Q

Postive results do not necessarily indicate endometritis - what are come common contaminants of uterine culture?

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Actinobacillus equuli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pasteurella-like species, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus, Citrobacter, Alcaligenes, and Aeromonas

23
Q

How is a uterine cytology done?

A
  1. Many times taken immediately after the culture swab
  2. Roll on to a glass microscope slide (or two)
  3. Stain with Diff Quik of Modified Wright’s
  4. View microscopically for evidence of neutrophils, debris and microorganisms
24
Q

When would you want to do a low volume lavage?

A

in trouble mares

25
Q

How is a low volume lavage done?

A
  1. Infuse sterile saline into the uterus using a closed system with a small uterine catheter
  2. Administer oxytocin to enhance uterine evacuation
  3. Effluent is collected by gravity flow and centrifuged
  4. Swab pellet, place in transport media, and submit for culture (and cytology)
26
Q

True or False: Mixed miscellaneous microorganisms are significant results in a culture/cytology

A

false- they are not significant

27
Q

What is considered a significant result from a culture?

A

Heavy growth of any microorganism is considered significant unlessthere was obvious contaminaiton

28
Q

What results on a cytology is associated with active inflammation?

A

greater than 1-2 PMN per 5 HPF or epithelial to leukocyte ration of 10:1

29
Q

What diagnostic test results points towards endometritis?

A

positive culture with evidence of inflammation

30
Q

Does a negative cytology rule out endometritis?

A

no - the infection could be deep or chronic or there could be error due to the sample technique

31
Q

What is the objective for an endometrial biopsy?

A

to evaluate the histologic and microscopic anatomy of the uterine lining and endometrium, diagnose uterine disease, and prognastic indicator of the mare’s ability to carry a foal to term

32
Q

What are the specific indications for endometrial biopsy?

A

Barren mares, problem breeding mares, mares with a history of pregnancy loss, and/or pre-purchase exam

33
Q

When is a sample collected for an endometrial biopsy?

A

It can occur at any stage of the estrous cycle

34
Q

Where is a sample for an endometrial biopsy obtained from?

A

it is obtained at the base of uterine horns

35
Q

What are endometrial biopsies put in?

A

Bouin’s solution or 10% formalin

36
Q

What are endometrial biopsies evaluated for?

A

inflammation, fibrosis, and cystic dilation of glands

37
Q

Endometrial inflammation is treatable/untreatable and reversible/permanent.

A

treatable, reversible

38
Q

Endometrial fibrosis is treatable/untreatable and reversible/permanent.

A

untreatable, permanent

39
Q

Endometrial cystic dilation of glands is treatable/untreatable and reversible/permanent.

A

untreatable, permanent

40
Q

What is a grade I on the Kenney and Doig Grading System?

A

Normal endometrium

Minimal, focal inflammation or fibrosis

80-100% chance of maintaining a pregnancy

41
Q

What is a grade IIA on the Kenney and Doig Grading System?

A

Mild to moderate inflammation and/or multifocal fibrosis

1-3 layers of fibroblasts surrounding glands or <2 fibrotic nests per 5mm linear field

50-80% chance of maintaining a pregnancy

42
Q

What is a grade IIB on the Kenney and Doig Grading System?

A

Moderare inflammation and/or multifocal to diffuse fibrosis

4 or more layers of fibroblasts surrounding glands or 2-4 fibrotic nests per 5mm linear field

10-50% chance of maintaining a pregnancy

43
Q

What is a grade III on the Kenney and Doig Grading System?

A

Severe inflammatory and/or diffuse fibrotic changes

5 or more fibrotic nests per 5mm linear field

Less than 10% chance of maintaining a pregnancy

44
Q

What are some ancillary tests for BSE?

A

hysteroscopy, hormone analysis, and karyotyping

Disturbances in Reproduction (49 decks)

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