Story 32 Flashcards
수지는 아침 내내 아침 식사를 만들려고 했어요.
Suji tried to make breakfast all morning.
아침 내내 → all morning (아침 = morning, 내내 = throughout, all the time)
아침 식사 → breakfast (more formal than just 아침)
를 → object marker
만들려고 했어요 → tried to make
만들다 → to make
-려고 하다 → to intend to, to try to
했어요 → Past tense of 하다, meaning “tried to”
그녀의 아들과 남편도 아침 식사를 기다리고 있었어요.
Her son and husband were also waiting for breakfast.
그녀의 → her (그녀 = “she,” -의 = possessive marker)
아들 → son
과 → and (used in writing; 하고 or 랑 are more common in speech)
남편 → husband
도 → also, too
아침 식사를 → breakfast (-을 = object marker)
기다리고 있었어요 → was/were waiting
기다리다 → to wait
-고 있다 → Progressive tense (waiting)
있었어요 → Past tense (was waiting)
수지는 냉장고 안을 살펴봤어요.
Suji looked inside the fridge.
냉장고 → refrigerator
안을 → inside (literally “the inside of the fridge”; 안 = inside, 을 = object marker)
살펴봤어요 → looked at, examined
살펴보다 → to look at, inspect
-봤어요 → Past tense (looked at)
하지만 음식이 별로 없었어요.
But there wasn’t much food.
음식이 → food (-이 = subject marker)
별로 없었어요 → wasn’t much / wasn’t really there
별로 → not much, not really (used with negatives)
없었어요 → wasn’t there, didn’t have (past tense of 없다, meaning “to not have”)
수지 눈에 달걀, 장조림, 김치가 보였어요.
Eggs, jangjorim, and kimchi were visible to Suji.
수지 눈에 – to Suji’s eyes / in Suji’s view.
눈 – eye(s)
수지 눈에 literally means “in Suji’s eyes”, but in English, it translates to something like “Suji saw”.
달걀, 장조림, 김치가 – eggs, jangjorim, and kimchi
달걀 – egg (a more formal word; 계란 is also commonly used).
장조림 – jangjorim, a Korean dish made of soy sauce-braised beef or eggs.
김치 – kimchi, traditional fermented vegetables.
보였어요. – was visible, appeared, could be seen
보이다 – to be seen, to appear, to be visible (passive form of 보다 “to see”).
-었어요 – past tense marker.
그래서 그녀는 달걀 프라이를 만들기로 했어요.
(So she decided to make a fried egg.)
그래서 – so, therefore (indicates a logical consequence).
그녀는 – she + topic marker (-는)
달걀 프라이를 – fried egg (as the object of the verb)
달걀 – egg
프라이 – fry (loanword from English; 달걀 프라이 = fried egg).
-를 – object marker.
만들기로 했어요. – decided to make
만들다 – to make
-기로 하다 – to decide to do something (expresses a decision).
했어요 – past tense (indicates that the decision was made).
그녀는 달궈진 프라이팬에 기름을 둘렀어요.
She poured oil into the heated frying pan.
달궈진 – heated (past participle form of 달구다, meaning to heat up).
프라이팬 – frying pan (loanword from English).
-에 – in, on, into (location marker).
기름을 둘렀어요. – poured oil
기름 – oil
-을 – object marker.
두르다 – to pour (oil or liquid evenly around a pan)
-렀어요 – past tense conjugation of 두르다 (to pour).
그리고 달걀을 깨트려서 프라이팬에 떨어뜨렸어요.
And she cracked the egg and dropped it into the frying pan.
그리고 – and then, and
달걀을 – egg (object marker -을)
깨트려서 – cracked (the egg) and…
깨트리다 – to crack, to break
-아서/어서 – connects actions in sequence, meaning “and then.”
프라이팬에 떨어뜨렸어요. – dropped (it) into the frying pan.
프라이팬 – frying pan
-에 – into, in (location).
떨어뜨리다 – to drop something (causative verb).
-었어요 – past tense marker.
Переходный/непреходный
A causative verb describes an action caused or made to happen by someone or something. In other words, instead of performing an action directly, the subject causes something else to perform the action.
For example, in English:
- I drop the ball. (Causative) → I cause the ball to fall.
- The ball falls. (Non-causative)
In Korean, causative verbs often have a specific form that distinguishes them from their non-causative counterparts.
These two verbs are related, but one is intransitive (happens on its own), and the other is causative (someone makes it happen).
Example Sentences:
✅ 떨어지다 (to fall on its own)
- 컵이 떨어졌어요. → The cup fell (by itself).
- 나뭇잎이 떨어지고 있어요. → Leaves are falling.
✅ 떨어뜨리다 (to drop something on purpose or accidentally)
- 저는 컵을 떨어뜨렸어요. → I dropped the cup.
- 핸드폰을 떨어뜨리지 마세요! → Don’t drop your phone!
Many verbs in Korean have both a regular (intransitive) form and a causative (transitive) form:
| Regular (Intransitive) | Causative (Transitive) | Meaning |
|—————————|—————————|————|
| 앉다 (to sit) | 앉히다 (to make someone sit) | Sit vs. Make someone sit |
| 닫히다 (to be closed) | 닫다 (to close something) | Be closed vs. Close |
| 보이다 (to be seen) | 보여주다 (to show) | Be seen vs. Show |
| 서다 (to stand) | 세우다 (to make someone/something stand) | Stand vs. Make someone stand |
| 끓다 (to boil) | 끓이다 (to boil something) | Boil vs. Boil something |
In Korean, many causative verbs are formed by adding specific endings to their root verb. Some common causative endings include:
- -이, -히, -리, -기 → 앉다 → 앉히다 (to make someone sit).
- -우, -구, -추 → 서다 → 세우다 (to make something stand).
- -게 하다 → 가다 → 가게 하다 (to make someone go).
- 떨어지다 means to fall by itself (intransitive).
- 떨어뜨리다 means to drop something (causative, transitive).
- Many Korean verbs have both an intransitive and a causative form.
- You can recognize causative verbs by their specific endings, such as -이/히/리/기/우/구/추.
Understanding causative verbs will help you express actions more precisely and improve your Korean fluency! Let me know if you want more examples!
Verb | Meaning | Type |
|——|———|——|
| 떨어지다 | to fall, to drop (on its own) | Intransitive |
| 떨어뜨리다 | to drop something (on purpose or accidentally) | Causative |
Переходный/непереходный
A verb is transitive when the action of the verb passes from the subject to the direct object. Intransitive verbs don’t need an object to make sense – they have meaning on their own.
Transitive/intransitive
깨트리다 (to crack, to break) is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object (something that gets broken). This means someone actively causes the breaking.
Korean has different verbs for breaking something, depending on whether the action is intentional or not.
- 컵이 깨졌어요. → The cup broke.
- 창문이 깨지고 있어요! → The window is breaking!
- 이 접시는 잘 깨져요. → This plate breaks easily.
🔹 깨지다 is used when something breaks on its own or passively gets broken. The subject is usually the object being broken, not the person causing it.
- 나는 컵을 깼어요. → I broke the cup.
- 누가 유리를 깼어요? → Who broke the glass?
- 그는 알을 깼다. → He cracked the egg.
🔹 깨다 is the basic transitive verb for breaking something. The subject is the one who performs the action.
- 나는 컵을 깨트렸어요. → I shattered the cup.
- 그는 유리병을 깨트렸어요. → He smashed the glass bottle.
- 아이가 장난감을 깨트렸어요. → The child broke the toy.
🔹 깨트리다 is almost the same as 깨다, but it adds a stronger nuance of shattering, destroying, or breaking something into pieces. It’s commonly used when something is intentionally broken or when the breaking is forceful.
| Verb | Meaning | Transitivity |
|———-|————|—————-|
| 깨지다 | to be broken (by itself) | Intransitive |
| 깨다 | to break (something) | Transitive |
| 깨트리다 | to shatter, to break forcefully | Transitive |
깨트리다 and 깨다 are both transitive, but 깨트리다 is more intense and emphasizes destruction.
Verb | Meaning | Type |
|———-|————|———-|
| 깨지다 | to break, to be broken (by itself) | Intransitive |
| 깨다 | to break (something), to crack (something) | Transitive |
| 깨트리다 | to break (something), to shatter (something) (emphasized) | Transitive |
그녀는 본인과 남편이 마실 보리차를 만들었어요.
She made barley tea for herself and her husband to drink.
Attributive form
The attributive form refers to a verb or adjective modifying a noun—basically, when a verb or adjective describes a noun instead of standing alone as the main action or state in a sentence.
In English, we often turn verbs into adjectives (participle forms) to describe nouns:
- The running man (“running” describes “man”)
- A broken cup (“broken”* describes “cup”*)
In Korean, verbs and adjectives also take specific forms when they modify nouns.
In Korean, verbs and adjectives change their form when used to modify nouns. These forms attach directly to the noun they describe.
✅ How It Works
- 하는 학생 = “A student who studies”
- 한 학생 = “A student who studied”
- 할 학생 = “A student who will study”
Korean adjectives work differently from verbs because they don’t change based on tense—they stay the same.
| Adjective | Attributive Form | Example |
|————–|———————-|————-|
| 예쁘다 (to be pretty) | 예쁜 | 예쁜 꽃 (a pretty flower) |
| 크다 (to be big) | 큰 | 큰 집 (a big house) |
| 작은 (to be small) | 작은 | 작은 강아지 (a small puppy) |
✅ How It Works
- 예쁜 꽃 = “A pretty flower”
- 큰 집 = “A big house”
- 작은 강아지 = “A small puppy”
Unlike verbs, adjectives don’t change based on tense when modifying nouns. The verb in the sentence will show the tense instead.
- In English, we often use relative clauses:
- “A book that I read”
- “A student who studies”
- In Korean, these ideas are condensed into attributive forms:
- 읽은 책 (a book that I read)
- 공부하는 학생 (a student who studies)
| Type | Korean Attributive Form | Example |
|———|—————————-|————|
| Present Verb | -는 | 먹는 사람 (a person who eats) |
| Past Verb | -은/ㄴ | 먹은 사람 (a person who ate) |
| Future Verb | -을/ㄹ | 먹을 사람 (a person who will eat) |
| Adjective | -은/ㄴ | 작은 강아지 (a small puppy) |
Would you like me to explain more details about how to form these or give more examples?
Tense | Verb (하다) | Example Sentence |
|———-|—————|———————-|
| Present | 하는 | 저는 공부하는 학생이에요. (I am a student who studies.) |
| Past | 한 | 제가 읽은 책이에요. (This is the book I read.) |
| Future | 할 | 내일 할 일이 많아요. (I have a lot of things to do tomorrow.) |
그녀는 본인과 남편이 마실 보리차를 만들었어요.
She made barley tea for herself and her husband to drink.
그녀는 – she (topic marker -는)
본인과 남편이 마실 보리차를 – barley tea for herself and her husband to drink
본인 – oneself, herself (formal way to refer to oneself).
과 – and (formal conjunction, similar to 와).
남편 – husband.
이 – subject marker (indicating that they will drink the tea).
마실 – to drink (future/attributive form of 마시다, meaning to drink).
보리차를 – barley tea (보리차 = traditional Korean barley tea).
-를 – object marker.
만들었어요. – made
만들다 – to make
-었어요 – past tense marker.
그녀의 아들은 대신에 오렌지 주스를 마셨어요.
(Her son drank orange juice instead.)
그녀의 아들은 – her son (topic marker -는)
그녀의 – her (possessive form, equivalent to “of her”).
아들 – son.
대신에 – instead (of something else)
대신 – substitution, replacement.
-에 – indicates that something was done in place of something else.
오렌지 주스를 – orange juice (object marker -를)
오렌지 주스 – orange juice (loanword from English).
-를 – object marker.
마셨어요. – drank
마시다 – to drink
-었어요 – past tense marker.
그 외에 어떤 것을 만들고 있나요?
What else are you making?
그 외에 → Besides that, in addition
어떤 → What kind of / which
것 → Thing
을 → Object marker
만들고 있나요? → Are you making? (Present progressive form of 만들다 to make)
수지는 또한 본인과 남편이 마실 보리차를 만들고 있어요
Suji is also making barley tea for herself and her husband to drink.
또한 → Also
아니요, 수지의 아들은 보리차를 마시고 있지 않아요.
No, Suji’s son is not drinking barley tea.
마시고 있지 않아요. → Is not drinking (Negative present progressive of 마시다 to drink)
✅ Grammar Points:
Present Progressive Negative (-고 있지 않다)
마시고 있다 → Is drinking
마시고 있지 않다 → Is not drinking
