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Vet Med Year 1 > Small Animal Breeding Cycles > Flashcards

Small Animal Breeding Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

The Bitch

A
  • Monoestrous
  • Non-seasonal
  • Average of 6 month cycles
  • Reach puberty by 6 – 9 months
  • Polytocous
  • Producing many offspring in one litter
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2
Q

Canine – Oestrus Cycle

A

Pro-oestrus
Oestrus
Metoestrus 1&2
Anoestrus

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3
Q

Oestrus cycle - Non-pregnant Bitch

• Proestrus

A
  • Lasts 9 days
  • Vulva swollen
  • Blood-tinged discharge present
  • Attracted and attractive to male but will not mate
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4
Q

Oestrus cycle - Non-pregnant Bitch

• Oestrus

A
  • Lasts 9 days
  • Ovulation occurring on day 2
  • Period of acceptance
  • Referred to as ‘in heat’
  • Discharge is straw coloured
  • In this scenario the bitch is not mated/does not conceive
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5
Q

Oestrus cycle - Non-pregnant Bitch

• Metestrus or Diestrus

A
  • Lasts 90 days
  • Discharge becomes mucoid and then ceases
  • False pregnancy common
  • Attractiveness and interest in males diminishes
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6
Q

Oestrus cycle - Non-pregnant Bitch

• Anestrus

A
  • 5 months
  • Sexual inactivity
  • Not attractive or receptive to males
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7
Q

Oestrus cycle - Pregnant Bitch and non pregnant

• Proestrus

A
  • Lasts 9 days
  • Vulva will be swollen
  • Blood-tinged discharge present
  • Attracted and attractive to males but will not mate
  • Increased levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Stimulates development of Graafian follicle
  • Definition: Most mature ovarian follicle stage
  • The follicles start to produce oestrogen and progesterone.
  • The rising levels of oestrogen stimulate the pituitary gland to produce Luteinising Hormone (LH) and reduce FSH production

 Response to rising oestrogen
 Bitch becomes restless and irritable
 Play bowing and submissive behaviour toward the male

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8
Q

Oestrus cycle - Pregnant Bitch

• Oestrus

A
  • Lasts9days
  • Ovulation occurring on day 2
  • Period of acceptance
  • Referred to as ‘in heat’
  • Discharge is straw coloured
  • The bitch stands to be mated
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9
Q

Oestrus cycle - Pregnant Bitch

• Oestrus detection

A
  • Ovulation timing can be performed
  • Ideally serum progesterone concentrations
  • Serum progesterone obtained every 48 hours to detect progesterone rise
  • Usually 23-ng/ml
  • This correlates with the surge in LH triggering ovulation
  • However, most breeders will rely on behavioral indicators
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10
Q

Oestrus cycle - Pregnant Bitch

• Metestrus or Diestrus

A
  • Pregnancy

* Parturition average 63 days from ovulation

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11
Q

Oestrus cycle - Pregnant Bitch

• Anestrus

A
  • 5 months
  • Uterus undergoes recovery and repair • Sexual inactivity
  • Not attractive or receptive to males
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12
Q

Canine Proestrus – Related behaviour

A 
• As ovulation approaches
• Bitch will show increased frequency of urination/ marking to
disseminate pheromones
• More licking of vulva
• Greater attraction to males
• Described as ‘flirty’

Proestrus – Related behaviour
• More time spent investigating male dogs and their urine
• Compared with time spent investigating other females and their urine
• When approached by a male she will normally stand quietly whilst the male smells her

Proestrus – Related behaviour
• She will crouch down if he attempts to mount her
• In pro-oestrus the bitch will often shown aggression toward the male

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13
Q

Canine Oestrus

A
  • Ovulation occurs as the rising levels of Luteinising Hormone cause the ripened eggs to be released from the ovaries (ovulation).
  • Corpus luteum forms which produces the hormone progesterone
  • In the bitch the ripening egg follicles also produce progesterone. Therefore, this hormone can be measured to detect ovulation.
  • FSH levels are inhibited after ovulation
  • Some FSH still required to allow maturation of empty follicle
  • Develops to corpus luteum
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14
Q

Canine Oestrus – Related behaviour

A
  • Includes all aspects of:
  • Courtship
  • Mating
  • Post-mating rituals
  • Older females will show a mate preference
  • Relative to dominance

Soliciting behaviour shown
Bitch holds tail to one side and the vulva is presented more dorsally (or pushed up)
Sometimes called winking.

  • Oestrus often referred to as period of acceptance
  • Bitch will stand to be mated
  • Excessive salivation may be seen during mating
  • The female may repeat this process 1-2 times per day for 2-5 days
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15
Q

Canine Metestrus

A
  • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • Progesterone levels will peak and then gradually decline
  • Progesterone levels begin to increase if pregnant
  • In non pregnant animals they begin to fall as corpus luteum deteriorates
  • Female refuses to stand to be mated
  • Males will still show an interest in her
  • Bitch is unreceptive to the male
  • False pregnancy
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16
Q

Canine Anestrus

A
  • In pregnant animals this is the period between parturition and pro- oestrus
  • In non-pregnant animals this is the phase between the end of the luteal phase and the onset of pro-oestrus
  • No reproductive hormones present
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17
Q

Canine False pregnancy

A

• Falsepregnancy, phantompregnancy, pseudo-pregnancy.
• More common in dogs
• Occurs6-8weeks after oestrus(metoestrus):
• Originally thought to be caused by abnormal elevation in progesterone.
• Is actually related to decline in progesterone (maintains pregnancy) and increase
in prolactin.
• Pyometra

• As progesterone levels decline, some dogs can think they that they are due to give birth.
• This is the stage when clinical signs can be spotted.
• Clinical signs: Anorexia, Abdominal enlargement, Nest making, Nursing toys,
Mammary development, Lactation, Aggression – become protective

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18
Q

Canine Mating

A

• Occurs during oestrus
• Length of courtship by male is variable
• Licks vulva
• Bitch stands with tail to one side
Male mounts without erection and penetrates Os penis
In vagina, male bulbus glandis engorges, thrusting
Male dismounts and turns around but penis remains in vagina “the tie” Ejaculation
Tie lasts 5 min to 1 hour
Mate 2 times
Days 11 and 13 after start of proestrus
Sperm lasts up to 7 days in female
Infertility - Often from mating not at appropriate time Hormonal detection of ovulation
LH increase associated with progesterone >0.5 ng/ml Ovulation progesterone 2-5 ng/ml

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19
Q

Canine Pregnancy

A 
•
63 days (58-68)
• Range due to dating from breeding not fertilization
Hormonal Changes
• Similar to not mated
• Progesterone maintained higher
• CL required to maintain pregnancy
• No placental progesterone
• Placental relaxin
• Drop in progesterone triggers parturition
  • Detection
  • Abdominal palpation at 3 - 4 weeks
  • Ultrasound after day 16
20
Q

Canine Breed considerations

A
  • Breeds with narrow hips, large heads and broad shoulders
  • Brachycephalic
  • Dystocia. Approx. 80% bon by C-section
  • Mating difficulties seen in large heavy breeds and Brachycephalic breeds.
  • Mating cradles or stands used
  • Ethical considerations
  • Numerous genetically driven health concerns within pedigree breeds • In breeding
  • Advice on breeding may be requried:
  • Conformation, in particular exaggerated features • Age
  • Temperament
  • Popular breeds
  • Consider frequency of client
  • Licence required
21
Q

Canine Health Screening

A

Kennel club provide guidance on:
Health test results
Inbreeding coefficient
Health schemes available by breed
Bitches and dogs should have veterinary examination prior to breeding • Primiparous bitches
• Body condition score
• To determine general health and to rule out any issues that may arise during breeding or nursing
• E.g. inverted nipples, vaginal strictures, etc. • Owners may need advice at this stage

22
Q

Feline – Oestrus Cycle

A
  • Seasonally polyoestrus
  • Recurrent oestrous cycles
  • January to September
  • Average 6-month cycles
  • Reach puberty 6-9 months
  • Polytocous
  • Definition: producing many eggs or young at one time
23
Q

Feline – Oestrus cycle

• Proestrus

A
  • Lasts1–3days
  • Few clinical signs
  • May start ‘calling’ (yowling)
  • Will not accept the male
24
Q

Feline – Oestrus cycle

• Oestrus

A
  • Lasts 2 – 10 days
  • More vocal (‘calling’)
  • Adopts unusual crouching position – ‘lordosis’
  • ‘ Treads’ with hind feet
  • Rolling / scenting inanimate objects
  • Seems to be in pain
  • Becomes over friendly
  • Cats only ovulate 24 hours after they have been mated
25
Q

Feline – Oestrus Cycle

Inerestrus

A
  • In the absence of mating the cat becomes non receptive lasting 3 – 14 days
  • The cat then returns to pro-oestrus and oestrus
26
Q

Feline – Oestrus Cycle

• Metestrus (Di-oestrus)

A

• Occurs 24 – 48 hours post ovulation

27
Q

Feline – Oestrus Cycle

• Anestrus

A

• Period of sexual inactivity during non-breeding season

28
Q

Feline – mating

A

Induced ovulators
Queens call or vocalize (low moaning sound) Owners may think a sign of illness

• Male mounts female
• With erection penis faces forward
• Only lasts 30 seconds to 5 minutes
• As male dismounts female gives a
loud copulatory call and Tom retreats
• Mating occurs 6 - 7 times until queen
declines
• May occur for up to 4 days

• Queen will mate with numerous males • Resulting in litters with multiple sires

29
Q

Feline – Pregnancy

A

• Pregnancy
• 63-65 days
• Can breed from 6 months
• Susceptible to disturbance during parturition and suspend second
stage parturition for 48 hours
• Owners may confuse this with dystocia (uncommon in cats)

30
Q

Feline – Breeding

A
  • Owners of cats should be advised to neuter
  • Females
  • Reduces unwanted litters – overbreeding/overpopulation can be a problem on farms
  • Reduces reproductive disorders
  • Stops roaming
  • Males
  • Reduces spraying
  • Stops roaming
31
Q

Feline – Breed considerations

A

• Inbreeding common in pedigree cats
• GCCF – The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
• Numerous conditions associated with pedigree breeds
• Persian cats have the most numerous health conditions, including those
associated with Brachycephalic breeding
• As with dogs, there are numerous genetic tests available

32
Q

Guinea pig

A
  • Females are sexually mature at 4-6 weeks
  • Males are sexually mature 9-10 weeks
  • Must wean at 3 weeks
  • Polyoestrus
  • Oestrus cycle is 15-17 days
  • Duration of oestrus 1-16 hours
  • Litter size 1-6 (average 3-4)
33
Q

Guinea pig

• Oestrus detection by behaviour

A
  • Lordosis when stroking the back of the female
  • Mounting other females
  • Females should be with males for 7-16 days
  • No requirement to observe mating
  • Males will purr and ‘bum rumble’
  • Some females can be picky!
  • Some males can be aggressive!
34
Q

Guinea Pigs

• Breeding systems

A 
are based on harem systems
• One male
• Up to 15 females
• Can lose house
• Many breeders choose to breed in hutches
• Commercial breeders in large open pens

• If placing a male in with 15 females then all 15 will give birth at the same time
• Unless commercial this is not appropriate
• Housing males in one pen and rotating females
may be a better idea

  • It is important to record date the female was added to male pen. And record earliest due date as dystocia is common.
  • In harem system remove sow from males’ pen and place in nursery pen after 3 weeks
  • In ‘rotation’ system the male should be removed after 3 weeks.
35
Q

Guinea Pigs,

Why Females must not be bred from before 12-14 weeks

A

• Dystocia
• Often fatal
Females must not be bred from after 1 year
Pubic symphysis fuses, causing dystocia. C-section required. Must give birth before 1 year

36
Q

Risks of leaving male with pregnant female

A

The male will not attack young piglets But risk of:
•
Superfoetation
Postpartum oestrus 24-48 hours after parturition
This can place large strain on her body!

37
Q

Guinea pigs

• Pregnancy

A

• Palpation 4-5 weeks or ultrasonography
• Females will significantly increase in size,
doubling their bodyweight by parturition
• Gestation 59-72 days – 10 weeks on average
• Last weeks of gestation gradual relaxation of pubic ligaments and separation of pubic symphysis
• Just before parturition the gap is 2-3cm – one fingers width
• Parturition takes approx. 30 mins
• Precocial
• No nests, but will select warm or cool place dependent on season
• Will give birth any time during day or night
• If very overdue dystocia may be an issue

38
Q

Guinea Pigs

Only two teats so…

A

arger litter sizes are not beneficial to the breeder
• Foster?
Mothers will allow any young to feed from them
• Care must be taken to ensure larger piglets are not stealing the milk
from smaller piglets

39
Q

Guinea Pigs, piglet care

A 
Ensure food and water is low enough for piglets to reach
• Piglets will eat solid food after 24-48 hours
• Avoid feeding too much veg
• Never lettuce
• Signs of dehydration
• Look ‘fluffy’ 
• Wobbly
• Off food
  • Record date of birth
  • Wean and separate males and females at 21 days
  • Make as stress free as possible
  • Advised UK sale age is 8 weeks
  • It is law to sell guinea pigs in pairs
40
Q

Guinea Pig,

Common Problems

A
  • Mites – Trixacarus caviae
  • Sarcoptid mite
  • Guinea pigs always carry mites – part of natural flora and fauna
  • Pregnancy can trigger overload on mother. Pruritus, which may lead to self trauma
  • Depends on temperament , very nervous females more affected
  • Does affect young and if left untreated is fatal
  • Extreme pruritus, leading to seizures, which are often fatal
   Common Problems
• Ringworm
• Fungal infection. Zoonotic
• Spores
• Normal immune function = no disease
• Compromised immune function = disease
• Very commonly seen at weaning or rehoming 
   Common Problems
• Handling when heavily pregnant 
• Can trigger abortion
• Can damage mother or young
• Pregnancy toxaemia. Common with obese females.
• Mastitis
• Early signs of hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) 
• Supplement - 200mg/kg vitamin
• MBD
41
Q

Rabbits

A
  • Gestation 28-32 days. Most commonly 29th night • Season Jan-Oct
  • Light dependent. Can use lighting to manipulate!
  • Reflex ovulation or induce ovulators
  • Receptive for 12-14 days, followed by 2-4 days of non-receptivity
  • Ovulation induced by stimuli associated with coitus 10-12 hours after mating
42
Q

Receptive doe

A 
very active. Scent marks, rubs chin, lordosis, mounting, destructive, aggressive, vulva becomes congested and reddish-purple.
• Pseudopregnancy common 
• Nestbuilding
• Aggressive
• Does get very territorial
43
Q

Rabbits

• Mating

A
  • Doe must to go bucks’ enclosure. Aggression
  • Witness 2-3 mating’s and return doe to her own enclosure
  • Superfoetation
  • Pseudopregnancy

• Do not allow them to run around too much as the buck will get tired! • Do not allow females to mount males as this can put off timid males • A bad experience can affect the buck long term

• After mating return doe to her own enclosure
• 7 days before due date introduce a nest box. You will likely see her nesting at
this point
• Check box regularly – she may use as a latrine!
• Sign she is not pregnant
• Palpate from 14 days on. Feels like ‘flat grapes’

44
Q

Rabbit nest building

A
  • Will obsessively nest build
  • Likened to OCD
  • Maiden does build very early, often in inappropriate places
  • Move nest and encourage
  • Generally does build 7-10 days before kindling • Must monitor amount of material collected
  • Some will plug nest if allowed
  • Usually after birth
45
Q

Rabbits

• Parturition

A

at night or first thing in the morning
• Can normally tell by presence of fur in the enclosure • And odd behaviour
• Very important to watch for signs and check the nest twice per day • Altricial young
• 4-12. Count them after 2 days

46
Q

Rabbit kit care

A
  • Nest checked twice per day after parturition
  • The doe does not have the ability to move kits
  • If one has wriggled out of the nest or was dragged out of nest they must be placed back immediately
  • Cooling = death
  • Pick up with gloved hand, tissue or some of the fur from the nest
  • Kits emerge at around 3 weeks of age
  • Kits should be handled for very short periods to time from 3 weeks onwards • Very carefully
  • If they bolt or squeal this can trigger GI disease
  • Some does can be very protective and aggressive • Dependent on breed!
47
Q

Rabbits – Common problems

A
  • Buck taken to does enclosure
  • Doe or buck too young
  • Timid buck, confident doe
  • Cooling of kits
  • Elongated foetus
  • Pseudopregnancy
  • Incorrect genders
  • GI disease in kits
  • Diet, Noise, Stress, Weaning
  • Inbreeding
  • Poor mothering ability: Can be related to breed or learnt • Abandonment
  • Cannibalism

Vet Med Year 1 (131 decks)

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