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Vet Med Year 1 > Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System can be divided into several sections based on either anatomical or functional divisions.
Anatomical Divisions:

A
  • Spinal Cord • Brainstem

* Cerebrum

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2
Q

The spinal cord sits within the vertebral column.

It is made up of several distinct anatomical regions, corresponding to curves in the vertebral column:

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Coccygeal
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3
Q

Spinal cord layers correspond to specific vertebral discs, these are;

A
  • Cervical
  • Seven Vertebrae (C1-C7)
  • Thoracic
  • Thirteen Vertebrae (T1-T13)
  • Lumbar
  • Seven Vertebrae (L1-L7)
  • Sacrum
  • Coccygeal
  • Six Vertebrae (C1-C6)
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4
Q

Annulus Fibrosis

A

Fibrous collagen disc, providing mechanical support to the vertebral column.

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5
Q

Nucleus Pulposus

A

Gel like collagen and water inner layer, providing mechanical support.

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6
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Exit and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal or ventral roots. Nerve exits through the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen.

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7
Q

Meningeal Layers

A

Three separate membrane layers as part of the meningeal system.
• Pia
• Arachnoid
• Dura

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A

The cerebrum rests on top of the Temporal bone, extending from the Occipital bone to the Zygomatic arch.
The cerebral lobes correspond to their respective bones:
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

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9
Q

Meningeal System

A

Three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord:
• Dura Mater
• Arachnoid Mater
• Pia Mater
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.

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10
Q

Dura Mater

A

The Dura Mater is a thick fibrinous layer, surrounding the cerebrum, constituting the outermost meningeal layer near to the skull. The Dura receives dense arterial, venous and nerve fibre (Trigeminal) innervation.
The Dura consists of two layers:
• Periosteal layer: Proximal to the skull
• Meningeal layer: Proximal to the Arachnoid Mater

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11
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The Arachnoid Mater is a thin, transparent membrane, composed of fibrous tissue forming a web-like structure. The Arachnoid receives little arterial, venous and nerve fibre innervation.
The sub-arachnoid space exist between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater, through which cerebrospinal perfusion of fluid occurs.

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12
Q

Pia Mater

A

The Pia Mater is a delicate, thin membrane attached to the superficial surface of the cerebrum and spinal cord. The Pia receives dense arterial, venous and nerve fibre innervation.
The space between the Pia and nervous system tissue enables formation of Perivascular spaces, facilitating immune function.

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13
Q

Gyrus

A

Ridge like structure in the cerebral cortex, general surrounded by one or more sulci.

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14
Q

Sulci

A

Groove like structure in the cerebral cortex, generally surrounding a specific gyrus. Larger Sulci are termed fissures.

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15
Q

Anatomical purpose of identification of Gyrus & Sulci

A

is to navigate around the brain during surgery and imaging.

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16
Q

Functional purpose of identification of Gyrus & Sulci

A

is to identify regions of conserved function.

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17
Q

Neurological function enables an organism to

A

respond to external stimuli in an appropriate manner.

18
Q

The nervous system can be divided into

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

19
Q

The CNS can be divided into

A

The brain- receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses. Stores memories and generates thoughts and emotions
and the spine- conducts signals to and from the brain controls reflex activities

20
Q

The PNS can be divided into

A

Motor neurons- CNS to muscles and glands

Sensory neurons- sensory organs to CNS

21
Q

Motor neurons make up the

A

Somatic nervous system - controls voluntary movements

and the autonomic nervous system - controls involuntary responses

22
Q

The autonomic nervous system is made up of

A

The sympathetic division- fight or flight

The parasympathetic system- rest or digest

23
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary control over motor function and sensory perception.

24
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control over motor function and sensory perception.

25
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A 
• Fight or flight
response.
• Homeostasis
• Sensory.
• Motor.
26
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Rest and Digest.
  • Sexual arousal.
  • Salivation.
  • Lacrimation.
  • Urination.
  • Digestion.
  • Defecation.
27
Q

Blood Supply: Ventricles

A

The ventricular system is composed of four fluid- filled interconnected cavities within the brain:
• Lateral ventricles
• Third ventricle
• Fourth ventricle
Within each ventricle the Choroid Plexus is responsible for the production of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
The ventricles form a continuous system with the central canal of the spinal cord.

28
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the Choroid Plexus in the Ventricles.
  2. CSF circulates around the nervous system.
  3. Arachnoid granulations draw CSF out of the sub-arachnoid space and filter into the venous system (via Sinuses).

Similar composition to systemic plasma with notable variations in calcium, magnesium, potassium and amino acids.
Microscopic evaluation demonstrate low cellular content, with elevated levels indicative of pathology.

29
Q

CSF Production & Drainage Review

A 
• Granulations
Active removal of CSF from
sub-arachnoid space.
• Sinuses
Receive CSF from the
granulations, permit filtration into the venous system.
• Choroid Plexus
Receive arterial blood supply,
enable production of CSF
30
Q

Blood Supply: Arterial

A
  • Inputs to Cerebral Circulation
  • Internal & External Carotid
  • Ventral Spinal
  • Vertebral
  • Circle of Willis
  • Links both hemispheres
  • Primary Arteries
  • Anterior Cerebral
  • Middle Cerebral
  • Posterior Cerebral

Vascular Territories
• Specific region of the brain associated with named arterial
innervation.

31
Q

Secondary Arteries

A

• Provide localised vascularisation to specific parts of the brain regions.

32
Q

Venous Outputs from Cerebral Circulation

A
  • Jugular
  • Maxillary
  • Vertebral
33
Q

Venous Sinuses

A
  • Dorsal sagittal
  • Temporal
  • Dorsal petrosal
  • Middle meningeal
34
Q

Blood Supply: Sinuses

A

Neural Sinus
• Low oxygenated blood collects within the neural sinuses.
• Movement of blood in these regions is significantly slower than in venous systems.
• Facilitates exchange between CSF and blood via the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).

35
Q

Brain Divisions: Development

A

During development, regions of the brain termed vesicles due to hollow nature.
• Primary vesicles develop first.
• Differentiate into secondary vesicles.

36
Q

Brain Divisions: Telencephalon

A

Frontal Lobe: Problem solving, memory, behaviour.
• Parietal Lobe: Sensation
• Temporal Lobe: Consciousness, memory.
• Occipital Lobe: Visual perception

37
Q

Brain Divisions: Rhinencephalon

A

The ‘olfactory-brain’ responsible for sensory processing of olfactory stimuli, linking in cognitive and behavioural function.
Includes the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory stria, amygdala, and hippocampus.

38
Q

Brain Divisions: Diencephalon

A

The diencephalon can be divided into the following structures:
• Thalamus: Sensory processing structure.
• Hypothalamus: Endocrine function.
• Epi-Thalamus: Including the Pineal, responsible for some endocrine function.
• Sub-Thalamus: Motor integration.

39
Q

Brain Divisions: Mesencephalon

A 
The midbrain region, associated with:
• Vision
• Hearing
• Motor control
• Sleep
• Wakefulness
Principle components include:
• Tectum
• Tegmentum
• Cerebral peduncles
40
Q

Brain Divisions: Metencephalon

A

The Metencephalon can be divided into the following structures:
• Cerebellum: Motor control
• Pons: Sensory-Motor Relay, auditory, respiration, facial sensation, eye movement, chewing, facial secretions.

41
Q

Brain Divisions: Myelencephalon

A 
The Meyencephalon can be divided into the following structures:
• Medulla Oblongata: Respiratory control, Cardiac and vasomotor control,
physiological reflexes (swallowing, vomiting, coughing sneezing, etc).
• Pyramids: Contain the pyramidal motor tracts.

Vet Med Year 1 (131 decks)

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