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Vet Med Year 1 > Liver, gallbladder and pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, gallbladder and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Liver location

A

Thoracic part of the abdomen (medial and deeper to the ribs, dorsal to the sternum) and immediately caudal to the diaphragm in the midline but towards the right side of the abdomen cranial to the stomach. Adjacent to the stomach and duodenum, cranial to the jejunum

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2
Q

Gallbladder location

A

caudal aspect of the visceral surface of the liver, in a fossa between the quadrate and the right medial lobe

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3
Q

Pancreas location

A

Thoracic part of the abdomen, dorsally and adjacent to the cranial duodenum, towards the right side of the dorsal abdomen

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4
Q

Liver

A 
The largest gland with exocrine and endocrine functions
• Concave caudally, convex cranially
• Made of lobes separated by fissures
(number and pattern varies across
species)
• Pedagogic view – 6 lobes in dogs
• Connected to the cranial duodenum by
the hepatoduodenal ligament (bile duct)
• Connected to the stomach by the lesser
omentun
• Caudate process – kidney impression
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5
Q

Parts of the liver

A 
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe Quadrate lobe
Caudate process
Lesser omentum
Right lateral lobe Right medial lobe
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6
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Helps with digestion by producing bile (fat emulsification)
Break down red cells, metabolism of bilirubin and excretion of urobilinogen
Active role in carbohydrate metabolism and storage
Processes nutrients, breaks down fat, creates fat (cholesterol), carbohydrates and proteins
Filtration of blood and content from GIT
Breakdown of GIT toxins and systemic drugs
Immunology role (creates proteins)
Regulation of blood composition (and small role in blood pressure)

Carbohydrate metabolism: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
• Protein anabolism (transamination and synthesis of essential aminoacids) and catabolism
(deamination and production of ammonia and urea. Synthesis of proteins needed to maintain
oncotic pressure (albumin)
• Haematology and immunologic role: synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin), clotting factors
and immunoglobulins, break down of red cells and synthesis of 50% of the lymph, in young
animals haematopoietic role
• Lipid metabolism: lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation (break down of fats) and lipoprotein
synthesis (good and bad cholesterol)
• Storage of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals (iron)
• Secretory (exocrine, digestive) role and excretory role (waste products, bilirubin byproducs,
toxins, drug by products) through bile

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7
Q

Exocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood.

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8
Q

Endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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9
Q

Excretion

A

(in living organisms and cells) the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.

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10
Q

Secretion

A

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

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11
Q

Systemic

A

Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.

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12
Q

Bilirubin

A

a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown.

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13
Q

Haemoglobin

A

also spelled haemoglobin, iron-containing protein in the blood of many animals—in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of vertebrates—that transports oxygen to the tissues. Hemoglobin forms an unstable reversible bond with oxygen.

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14
Q

Lymph

A

a colourless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

Glycogenesis

A

the formation of glycogen from sugar.

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of new glucose molecules in the body as opposed to glucose that is broken down from the long storage molecule glycogen. It takes place mostly in the liver, though it can also happen in smaller amounts in the kidney and small intestine. Gluconeogenesis is the opposite process of glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose molecules into their components.

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17
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

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18
Q

Lipogenesis

A

the metabolic formation of fat.

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19
Q

Oncotic pressure (blood)

A

Oncotic pressure is defined as the osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution

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20
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary artery divides into many fine capillaries which wrap around the alveoli (CO2 is exchanged for O2)
• Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein

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21
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood around the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Blood with O2 leaves the left ventricle through aorta
• Aorta branches taking blood to various parts of the body
• Exchange happens in the capillaries in the tissues
• Deoxygenated blood returns from the tissues in the veins which drain into the vena cava

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22
Q

Blood supply to the liver

A
  • Main blood supply through hepatic artery, a branch of the aorta artery (“clean oxygenated blood”)
  • Also through the hepatic portal vein – “dirty non oxygenated blood” that comes from GIT with all the toxins (but all the nutrients too!)
  • Liver “cleans” this blood and uses it too! Returning it to the systemic circulation through the hepatic vein which drains into the vena cava. It is “detoxified” but still deoxygenated.
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23
Q

Immunological role of the liver

A
  • In younger animals – factory of red blood cells (haematopoietic role) including leucocytes (white blood cells)
  • In older animals:
  • Factory of 80% of the innate immunity proteins
  • Storage of macrophages (Kupffer cells)
  • Ad hoc storage of monocytes/macrophages (inflammation)
  • Storage of natural killers (NK)
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24
Q

Bile and bile ducts

A

Bile is made of bile acids, cholesterol (formed in the hepatocytes are drained into the canaliculi) and pigments (bilirubin)
• This is the exit route for drug metabolites too, and other toxins
• Bile acids together with other liver enzymes produced in the liver can be used to asses how healthy the liver and the gall bladder are
• Bile is drained into the bile duct

25
Q

Total protein g/l

A 
Blood protein (sum of albumin + globulin)
Albumin is liver marker. Globulins increase during inflammation/infection. Also during dehydration
26
Q

Albumin g/l

A

Main blood protein, carrier molecule

Increases during dehydration. Decreases during liver damage or sever haemorrhage

27
Q

Globulin g/l

A

Other blood protein, often associated with immune system

Increases during infection/inflammation

28
Q

ALT IU/l

A

Liver enzyme, Alanine Transaminase

Enzyme located in the liver tissue. Increases when true liver damage

29
Q

AST IU/l

A

Liver enzyme, Aspartate aminotransferase
Enzyme located in the liver tissue. Increases when true liver damage. However, also produced in muscle, so it can increase when muscle trauma or recumbency/myopathies

30
Q

ALP IU/l

A

Liver enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase
Enzyme in the lining of the bile ducts. Increases when bile obstruction or disease. However also produced by the bone and intestine. Liver disease, inflammation of the gall bladder or the ducts (or infection), pancreatic disease or intestinal disease can give increase of this enzyme

31
Q

GGT IU/l

A

Liver enzyme, Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase

Enzyme in the lining of the bile ducts. Increases when bile obstruction or disease.

32
Q

Cholesterol mmol/l

A

Steroid metabolite. Cell membranes, bile, steroid synth

Increases when bile flow is impaired

33
Q

Bile acids umol/l

A

Steroid acids found in bile

Inflammation/infection of the bile ducts.

34
Q

Bilirubin umol/l

A

Breakdown product of RBCs.

Liver ability to conjugate it is exceeded either due too many red cells are dying or the liver is damaged

35
Q

Pancreas

A 
Exocrine (digestion) and endocrine gland
• In dorsal abdomen, in the mesenterium
adjacent to descending duodenum and right
lobe
• Parts: Left lobe, body and right lobe
36
Q

Pancreatic exocrine secretions

A

• Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct into the major duodenal papilla
• Bile duct drains here too
• In dogs and horses there is
an additional duct: accessory duct draining into the minor papilla

AMYLASE : Continues breakdown of carbohydrate started by salivary amylase (in some animals)
• TRYPSINOGEN: Enterokinase (enzyme) in intestinal juices which converts Trypsinogen > TRYPSIN (enzymes) which break down proteins (peptides) into amino acids
• LIPASE: Fats > fatty acids + glycerol
• PEPTIDASES: Polypeptides > Peptides > amino acids

37
Q

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A

Secreted from Fundus of stomach – parietal cells

Increases pH Kills bacteria

Nutrient that helps with proteins

38
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Secreted from Fundus of stomach – parietal cells
HCl breaks it onto pepsin. Protein digestion
Nutrient helps with Proteins

39
Q

Mucus

A

Secreted from Globet cells stomach Brunner’s glands of duodenum
Protect – prevents autodigestion Protect and change pH to alkali for SI juices to work
Nutritrients that help with Protection Protection and pH change

40
Q

Gastrin

A

From fundus of the stomach

Stimulates production of HCl

Nutrient that helps with HCl

41
Q

Lipase

A

From Stomach – very small amount
Pancreas and released onto SI – most of the lipase

Fat digestion

Nutrient that helps with Fat

42
Q

Rennin (=Chymosin)

A

From Stomach in young animals

Coagulates milk to help protein digestion in SI

Nutrient that helps with Protein

43
Q

Bicarbonate

A

From Fundus of stomach – parietal cells

Activates other enzymes

Nutrient that helps with All macronutrients

44
Q

Dissacharidase

A

From SI (villi) – Intestinal juice by Crypts of Lieberhuhn in duodenum and proximal jejunum

Break down disaccharides into simple sugars

Nutrient that helps with Carbohydrates

45
Q

Enterokinase

A

From SI (villi) – intestinal juice by Crypts of Lieberhuhn in duodenum and proximal jejunum

Conversion of trypsinogen onto trypsin for protein digestion

Nutrient that helps with Proteins

46
Q

Aminopeptidase

A

From SI (villi) – intestinal juice by Crypts of Lieberhuhn in duodenum and proximal jejunum

Breaks down peptides onto amino acids

Nutrient that helps with Proteins

47
Q

Amylase

A

From Pancreas, released in duodenum

Breakdown of polysaccharides onto disaccharides

Nutrient that helps with Carbohydrates

48
Q

Trypsinogen

A

From pancreas , released in duodenum

Release inactive and activated by enterokinase Protein digestion

Nutrient that helps with Proteins

49
Q

Peptidases

A

From Pancreas, released in duodenum

Breakdown of polypeptides

Nutrient that helps with Proteins

50
Q

Bile

A

From NO ENZYMES – gallbladder and released in duodenum

Bile salts change pH and help to emulsify fat. Activates lipases Fat emulsification and lipase activation

Nutrient that helps with Fat

51
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by the beta cells in response to a HIGH blood glucose level e.g. after a meal

52
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by the alpha cells in response to a LOW blood glucose level

53
Q

Somatostatin

A

Secreted by the delta cells controls insulin and glucagon via an inhibitory effect

54
Q

Oral cavity

A

– lips, tongue, gum, dentition, palate, salivary glands

55
Q

Oropharynx

A

palate, pharyngeal walls, lymphoid tissue

56
Q

Stomach

A

cardias, fundus and pylorus

57
Q

Small intestine

A

– duodenum, jejunum and ileum

58
Q

Large intestine

A

caecum, colon, rectum and anus

59
Q

Summary of the digestive system

A

Oral cavity – lips, tongue, gum, dentition, palate, salivary glands
• Oropharynx – palate, pharyngeal walls, lymphoid tissue
• Oesophagus
• Stomach – cardias, fundus and pylorus
• Pancreas
• Liver and gallbladder
• Small intestine – duodenum, jejunum and ileum
• Large intestine – caecum, colon, rectum and anus

Vet Med Year 1 (131 decks)

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