Skeleton Overveiw Flashcards
What are the types of bones
Flat Long Short Irregular Sesamoid
The skull is made up of….
Flat bones
The scapular is a….
Flat bones
The vertebrae are….
Irregular bones
The pelvise is an….
Irregular bone
The femur is…
A long bone
The Metacarpals are…
Short bones
The patella is a…
Sesamoid bone
Proximal/ distal epiphysis
The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s)
Metaphysis
The metaphysis is the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as it grows it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses
diaphysis
the shaft or central part of a long bone.
Fossa
a depression or hollow
Foramen
an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another. In the skull base, there are numerous foramina that transmit cranial nerves, blood vessels and other structures
Tubercle
protrusion or eminence that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles.
Intertubercular groove
The greater and lesser tubercles of humerus are separated from each other by a deep groove, the intertubercular groove (bicipital groove), which lodges the long tendon of the Biceps brachii and transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery to the shoulder-joint.
Trochanter
is a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone. In humans and most mammals, the trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites.
Head
The head of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone.
Tuberosity
A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach. Its function is similar to that of a trochanter. Examples include the tibial tuberosity, deltoid tuberosity, and ischial tuberosity
Condyle
the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint
Epicondyle
a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone, serving as a place of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Process
a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body.
Articular cartilage
a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads to the underlying subchondral bone.
Spongy bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow.
epiphyseal line
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.
Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow consists of a delicate, highly vascular fibrous tissue containing hematopoietic stem cells. These are blood-forming stem cells
Compact bone
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells.
Medullary cavity
The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity.
Yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells (marrow stromal cells), which produce cartilage, fat and bone. Yellow bone marrow also aids in the storage of fats in cells called adipocytes. This helps maintain the right environment and provides the sustenance that bones need to function.
Periosteum
dense fibrous membrane covering the surfaces of bones, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer (cambium). The outer layer is composed mostly of collagen and contains nerve fibres that cause pain when the tissue is damaged. It also contains many blood vessels, branches of which penetrate the bone to supply the osteocytes, or bone cells
Nutrient artery
The nutrient artery (arteria nutricia) or medullary, usually accompanied by one or two veins, enters the bone through the nutrient foramen, runs obliquely through the cortex, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow
Notch
A depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone. The articulating bone will slide into and out of the notch, guiding the range of motion of the joint
Osteocytes
a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. … It occupies a small chamber called a lacuna, which is contained in the calcified matrix of bone. Osteocytes derive from osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, and are essentially osteoblasts surrounded by the products they secreted.
Osteoblasts
form a closely packed sheet on the surface of the bone, from which cellular processes extend through the developing bone. They arise from the differentiation of osteogenic cells in the periosteum, the tissue that covers the outer surface of the bone, and in the endosteum of the marrow cavity.
make bone in response to growth factors and mechanical stress on the bone.
Osteoclasts
make and secrete digestive enzymes that break up or dissolve the bone tissue. Osteoclasts then take up or ‘absorb’ the bone debris and further break it down inside the cell. The collagen is broken down into amino acids, which are recycled to build other proteins, while the calcium and phosphate are released to be used elsewhere in the body.
Types of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Fibrous joints
Bones connected by connective tissue
No joint space
Minimal movement
Types of fibrous joints are:
Suture (skull)
Syndesmosis (e.g. tibia fibia)
Gomphosis (teeth)
Suture joint
A suture is a type of fibrous joint which only occurs in the cranium, where it holds bony plates together. Sutures are bound together by a matrix of connective tissues called Sharpey’s fibers, which grow from each bone into the adjoining one. A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures, which contributes to the compliance and elasticity of the skull. These joints are synarthroses (immovable joints).
Syndesmosis joint
A syndesmosis is an amphiarthrotic fibrous joint found between parallel bones. The gap between the bones may be wide and filled with a fibrous interosseous membrane, or it may be relatively narrow with ligaments spanning between the bones.
Gomphosis joint
A gomphosis is a fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint. The roots of the teeth (the pegs) fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla and are the only examples of this type of joint. Bundles of collagen fibres pass from the wall of the socket to the root; they are part of the circumdental, or periodontal, membrane
Cartilaginous joints
Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. The joint between the manubrium and the sternum is an example of a cartilaginous joint.
Symphyses joint
A symphysis, a type of secondary cartilaginous joint, is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It is an amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) joint, and an area where two parts or structures grow together. Unlike synchondroses, symphyses are permanent. The more prominent symphyses are the pubic symphysis; the symphyses between the bones of the skull, most notably the mandible (symphysis menti); sacrococcygeal symphysis; the intervertebral disc between two vertebrae; and in the sternum, between the manubrium and body, and between the body and xiphoid process.
synchondroses
A joint in between articulating bones in which the connecting medium is a cartilage that is eventually converted into bone before adult life.
epiphyseal growth plate
Synovial Joints
A synovial joint is the type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the limbs
Joint cavity
Greatest range of movement
Flexion
Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts: Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus.
Extension
Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb
Abduction
Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body,
adduction
is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.
Rotation
Rotation refers to movements made about the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane. Internal rotation is rotating a joint towards the midline; external rotation is rotating a joint away from the midline.
Circumduction
Circumduction is a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
Pronation
When your palm or forearm faces down,
Supination
When your palm or forearm faces up
Protraction
Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball. … For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin
Retraction
the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column. For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin, while retraction pulls the lower jaw backward.
What is an example and the range of movement of a Ball and socket
Circumduction
Hip and shoulder
What is an example and the range of movement of a Hinge
Flexion and extension
Elbow
What is an example and the range of movement of a Planar
Gliding action
Carpus and tarsus
What is an example and the range of movement of a Pivot
Rotation
First to second cervical vertebrae (allowing shaking of head action)
What is an example and the range of movement of a Saddle joints
Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
Interphalangeal joints
