Digestive & Nutrition Flashcards
Laparotomy
a surgical incision into the abdominal cavity. A laparotomy is performed to examine the abdominal organs and aid diagnosis of any problems.
Gastro-
relating to the stomach.
Hepato-
prefix meaning “liver.”
Derm-
comes from Greek, where it has the meaning “skin”
My-
The prefix myo- or my- means muscle
Chole-
prefix meaning “bile” or “gall”
Laparoscopy
a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale surgery.
-ectomy
denoting surgical removal of a specified part of the body.
-itis
forming names of inflammatory diseases.
scopy
indicating viewing, observation, or examination, typically with an instrument having a name ending in -scope.
Name the organs of the Abdominal Cavity
Liver Stomach Spleen Left Kidney Descending Colon Small Intestine Descending Duodenum Pancreas Rectum Female urogenital Tract
organs you would be able to palpate in the healthy animal
Intestines (if feces are present) Bladder (if full) Caudal pole of the left kidney (in dogs) Both kidneys (in cats) In some dogs, the practitioner may feel the tail of the spleen.
carnivore
an animal that feeds on other animals
Wild cats, snakes and sharks
omnivore
an animal or person that eats a variety of food of both plant and animal origin
bears, birds, dogs
herbivore
an animal that feeds on plants.
cows, elk, and buffalo
monogastric
having only one stomach or a stomach with only one digestive chamber
foregut fermenter (ruminant)
The stomach of all ruminants has four chambers: the first chamber (the rumen) forms a huge fermentation vat, containing billions of microbes (bacteria, protozoans, and fungi) which anaerobically break down the ingested plant material before it is enzymatically digested by the ruminant. The second and third chambers, the reticulum and omasum, act as filters, allowing liquids (including microorganisms) and small, digestible food particles to pass through to the fourth chamber, the true (enzymatic) stomach known as the abomasum. Larger particles are selectively filtered out and retained in the rumen to be broken down further, allowing ruminants to extract maximal nutrition from their diet.
To complement the fermentation process, ruminants periodically regurgitate and rechew their food. Aptly called rumination (or “chewing the cud” ), this mechanical digestion physically breaks down the larger food particles to increase the surface area for microbial action. By chewing their food twice, ruminants avoid having to chew their food thoroughly while foraging (often a vulnerable activity) - proper mastication can be performed while resting, with the head raised and alert for danger.
hind gut fermenter
These animals have a relatively simple, small undivided stomach, but this time an even larger caecum and colon where the microbes are housed and where fermentation takes place. One disadvantage of this method is that by the time the food reaches the caecum and colon, it has passed the main absorptive region of the gut (the small intestine) and so less absorption of the products of digestion is possible. Secondly, the large numbers of dead microbes also cannot be digested, as they can in ruminants, where they pass from the rumen into the small intestine with the remainder of the partly digested food. Here they are located in the part of the gut beyond the region of digestion.
what animals are ruminants
cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes
what animals are hindgut fermenters
birds, pigs, and rabbits
Carbohydrates
Provide Energy
Protein
Building blocks for growth and repair, secondary energy supply
Fat
Supply essential body processes and solubilise key vitamins, secondary source of energy
Vitamins
Minerals
Essential for body processes
