Digestive & Nutrition

Question 1

Laparotomy

Answer 1

a surgical incision into the abdominal cavity. A laparotomy is performed to examine the abdominal organs and aid diagnosis of any problems.

Question 2

Gastro-

Answer 2

relating to the stomach.

Question 3

Hepato-

Answer 3

prefix meaning “liver.”

Question 4

Derm-

Answer 4

comes from Greek, where it has the meaning “skin”

Question 5

My-

Answer 5

The prefix myo- or my- means muscle

Question 6

Chole-

Answer 6

prefix meaning “bile” or “gall”

Question 7

Laparoscopy

Answer 7

a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale surgery.

Question 8

-ectomy

Answer 8

denoting surgical removal of a specified part of the body.

Question 9

-itis

Answer 9

forming names of inflammatory diseases.

Question 10

scopy

Answer 10

indicating viewing, observation, or examination, typically with an instrument having a name ending in -scope.

Question 11

Name the organs of the Abdominal Cavity

Answer 11

Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Left Kidney
Descending Colon
Small Intestine
Descending Duodenum
Pancreas
Rectum
Female urogenital Tract

Question 12

organs you would be able to palpate in the healthy animal

Answer 12

Intestines
(if feces are present)
Bladder (if full)
Caudal pole of the left kidney (in dogs)
Both kidneys (in cats)
In some dogs, the practitioner may feel the tail of the spleen.

Question 13

carnivore

Answer 13

an animal that feeds on other animals

Wild cats, snakes and sharks

Question 14

omnivore

Answer 14

an animal or person that eats a variety of food of both plant and animal origin

bears, birds, dogs

Question 15

herbivore

Answer 15

an animal that feeds on plants.

cows, elk, and buffalo

Question 16

monogastric

Answer 16

having only one stomach or a stomach with only one digestive chamber

Question 17

foregut fermenter (ruminant)

Answer 17

The stomach of all ruminants has four chambers: the first chamber (the rumen) forms a huge fermentation vat, containing billions of microbes (bacteria, protozoans, and fungi) which anaerobically break down the ingested plant material before it is enzymatically digested by the ruminant. The second and third chambers, the reticulum and omasum, act as filters, allowing liquids (including microorganisms) and small, digestible food particles to pass through to the fourth chamber, the true (enzymatic) stomach known as the abomasum. Larger particles are selectively filtered out and retained in the rumen to be broken down further, allowing ruminants to extract maximal nutrition from their diet.

To complement the fermentation process, ruminants periodically regurgitate and rechew their food. Aptly called rumination (or “chewing the cud” ), this mechanical digestion physically breaks down the larger food particles to increase the surface area for microbial action. By chewing their food twice, ruminants avoid having to chew their food thoroughly while foraging (often a vulnerable activity) - proper mastication can be performed while resting, with the head raised and alert for danger.

Question 18

hind gut fermenter

Answer 18

These animals have a relatively simple, small undivided stomach, but this time an even larger caecum and colon where the microbes are housed and where fermentation takes place. One disadvantage of this method is that by the time the food reaches the caecum and colon, it has passed the main absorptive region of the gut (the small intestine) and so less absorption of the products of digestion is possible. Secondly, the large numbers of dead microbes also cannot be digested, as they can in ruminants, where they pass from the rumen into the small intestine with the remainder of the partly digested food. Here they are located in the part of the gut beyond the region of digestion.

Question 19

what animals are ruminants

Answer 19

cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes

Question 20

what animals are hindgut fermenters

Answer 20

birds, pigs, and rabbits

Question 21

Carbohydrates

Answer 21

Provide Energy

Question 22

Protein

Answer 22

Building blocks for growth and repair, secondary energy supply

Question 23

Fat

Answer 23

Supply essential body processes and solubilise key vitamins, secondary source of energy

Question 24

Vitamins

Minerals

Answer 24

Essential for body processes

Question 25

Water

Answer 25

Essential for boy processes