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Vet Med Year 1 > Reproductive Tract Histology > Flashcards

Reproductive Tract Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Testis

A

The testes sit in the scrotum exterior to the body cavities. Their function is to produce sperm cells, the
male reproductive cell or gamete, and to produce the male sex hormone testosterone.

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2
Q

Tunica Albuginea -

A

capsule of thick connective tissue.

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3
Q

Lobules -

A

pyramid shaped lobules separated by septae of connective tissue that extend inward from the capsule.

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4
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

each lobule contains 1 to 4 highly-coiled seminiferous tubules lined by a germinal epithelium that is the site of sperm production.

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5
Q

Sertoli Cells -

A

large, columnar cells that extend the full thickness of the germinal epithelium.
Irregular, euchromatic nucleus with a single, prominent nucleolus.

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6
Q

Blood-testis Barrier -

A

these cells separate the basal epithelial compartment (of spermatogonia) from the luminal compartment (of spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm).

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis -

A

the process by which spermatogonia develop into sperm. Many dividing cells are seen in the germinal epithelium.

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8
Q

Spermatogonia

A

single layer of germ cells resting on the basement membrane.

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9
Q

Primary Spermatocytes

A

arise from spermatogonia and cross from the basal epithelial to luminal compartment of the germinal epithelium.

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10
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes

A

arise from primary spermatocytes and rapidly divide (rarely visible).

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11
Q

Spermatids

A
  • arise from secondary spermatocytes and undergo spermiogenesis to transform into sperm.
    Small, spherical cells (8 µm or less) with intensely stained nuclei near the lumen.
    Embedded in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells.
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12
Q

Sperm

A

released into the lumen.

Small, pointed head with a long tail (~60 µm long).

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13
Q

Leydig Cells (or Interstitial Cells)

A

found in the connective tissue (or interstitium) between seminiferous tubules.

Large, round cells (20 to 30 µm diameter) with vesicular nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Usually occur in clusters of 5 to 30 cells.
Secrete testosterone.

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14
Q

Mediastinum

A

region in which seminiferous tubules converge and sperm exits the testis.

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15
Q

Straight Tubules (or Tubuli Recti)

A

short, terminal section of each seminiferous tubule lined only by Sertoli cells.

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16
Q

Rete Testis

A

straight tubules empty in an anastomosing labyrinth lined by a simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium.

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17
Q

The tunica albuginea i

A

connective tissue which surrounds the testes.

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18
Q

Epididymis

A

The epididymis can be divided into the head-caput, body-corpus and tail-cauda. These differ in the
size of their lumen, the thickness of their epithelium and the prominence of the stereocilia. The tail or
cauda has the largest lumen of the three regions. The function of the epididymis is storage and
maturation of sperm. Maturation predominantly takes place in the body of the epididymis through
addition of secretions and progression in motility. Storage of mature sperm occurs in the tail. Smooth
muscle surrounding the ducts promotes movement of sperm throughout. Cilia extend into the lumen
of the ducts to resorb fluid and aid in motility of sperm through the tract.

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19
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

has a smooth luminal surface (unlike the “wavy” or “saw-toothed” appearance of the efferent ductules.

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20
Q

Principal Cells

A
  • tall columnar cells (~75 to 80 µm) with numerous modified, long microvilli called stereocilia extend from their luminal surface.
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21
Q

Basal Cells

A

small, round stem cells resting on the basement membrane.

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22
Q

Muscular Layer -

A

gradually increases in thickness through the length of the duct.

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23
Q

Head and Body of muscular layer

A

consists of a single, circular layer of smooth muscle.

Spontaneous, rhythmic peristaltic contractions move sperm through the duct

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24
Q

Tail of the muscular layer

A

consists of three layers (inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal) of smooth muscle.
Neural stimulation induces contraction and forces sperm from the epididymis into the vas deferens.

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25
Q

Stroma

A

the single, coiled duct is embedded in connective tissue.

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26
Q

Penis

A

There are two different types of penis commonly found in the domestic veterinary species; the
musculovascular penis and the fibroelastic penis. The musculovascular penis achieves erection
through engorgement of the corpus cavernosa with blood under control from the sympathetic
nervous system. The corpus cavernosum can be seen as two large bodies running throughout the
penis as well as a smaller amount of cavernous tissue surrounding the urethra, figure 2. The
fibroelastic penis relies less on engorgement of blood to achieve erection and so has less cavernous
space.

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27
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the erectile bodies.

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28
Q

Corpora Cavernosa

A

a pair of vascular channels located dorsally within the penis.

Walls and trabeculae consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle.
Smooth Muscle - abundant in trabeculae and relaxes during erection.
Helicine Arteries (#1 and #2) - normally coiled, but straighten and dilate on erection.

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29
Q

Blood Sinuses

A

labyrinth lined with endothelial cells and become filled with blood during erection.

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30
Q

Central Artery (or Deep Artery of the Penis)

A

each corpus contains a single, central artery.

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31
Q

Corpus Spongiosum -

A

located ventrally within the penis.

Erectile Tissue - similar in structure to the corpora cavernosa but does not become as turgid on erection.
Urethra - lined with a pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Mucous Glands of Littre and Ducts - secrete a clear mucus on erection.

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32
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

connective tissue that surrounds the penis with many blood vessels and nerves.

33
Q

Ovaries

A

The ovaries are responsible for forming the female haploid sex cell, the oocyte or ovum.

The ovaries produce female gametes (oocytes) and steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

34
Q

Secondary (Antral) Follicles -

A

characterized by the formation an antrum (a fluid-filled space) containing an oocyte. The antrum increases in size as the follicle matures

35
Q

Capsule -

A

covers the outer surface of the ovaries

Germinal Epithelium - the surface is covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium.
Tunica Albuginea - layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epithelium

36
Q

Cortex -

A

outer region that is the site of oocyte development.

37
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A

oocytes surrounded by one or more layers of cells.

38
Q

Primordial Follicles

A

oocytes arrested in development are located in the outer cortex

39
Q

Primary Oocyte -

A

large (25 to 30 µm), round to oval cells with a vesicular nucleus.

40
Q

Zona Pellucida -

A

layer of glycoproteins between the oocyte and granulosa cells. It is visible a thin, eosinophilic band in many follicles.

41
Q

Follicular Cells -

A

single layer of flattened cells that surround each oocyte.

42
Q

Primary Follicles

A

primary oocytes surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal-shaped granulosa cells (which develop from follicular cells).

43
Q

Unilaminar

A

primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

44
Q

Multilaminar

A

primary oocytes surrounded by multiple layers of granulosa cells.

45
Q

Secondary (Antral) Follicles -

A

characterized by the formation an antrum (a fluid-filled space) containing an oocyte. The antrum (#1, #2 and #3) increases in size as the follicle matures

46
Q

Oocyte -

A

large (50 to 100 µm), round to oval cells with a vesicular nucleus.

47
Q

Zona Pellucida -

A

layer of glycoproteins between the oocyte and granulosa cells (eosinophilic).

48
Q

Granulosa Cells -

A

continue to proliferate and form multiple structures:

Corona Radiata - several layers of cells immediately surrounding the oocyte.
Cumulus Oophorus - group of cells anchored to the follicle wall that contains the oocyte.
Stratum Granulosum - multiple layers of cells that form the follicle wall that surrounds the antrum. (It is avascular.)

49
Q

Theca Folliculi -

A

stromal cells around the follicle develop into a sheath of highly vascularized connective tissue.

Theca Interna - inner cellular layer with many blood vessels.
Secrete androgens that are converted to estrogen by granulosa cells.
Theca Externa - outer more fibrous layer.

50
Q

Mature (or Graafian) Follicles -

A

usually only one follicle will continue to grow each cycle to form a very large, mature follicle (25 mm or more in diameter).
Note: This follicle is likely an off-center cross section of a mature follicle because of its large size and raised area on the surface (stigma).

51
Q

Oocyte

A

not visible in most sections because of the large size of mature follicles.

52
Q

Stratum Granulosum -

A

becomes thinner as the follicle continues to grow in size. (It is avascular.).

53
Q

Theca Folliculi -

A

becomes more organized and contains many blood vessels.

54
Q

Stroma -

A

highly cellular connective tissue with fewer connective tissue fibers in which ovarian follicles are located.

55
Q

Stromal Cells -

A

spindle-shaped cells.

56
Q

Medulla -

A

inner region of fibroelastic connective tissue with many large, tortuous blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibers.
Does not contain ovarian follicles.

57
Q

Oviduct

A

The oviduct transports the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. The oviduct has a muscular layer that
permits peristaltic contractions to move the ovum or zygote towards the uterus, aided by the cilia
that cover the epithelial cells that line the duct.
Unlike many tubular tissues, there are no goblet cells or glands in the epithelium or any other glands in the wall of the oviducts.

58
Q

Mucosa -

A

exhibits thin longitudinal folds that project into the lumen. These folds are a distinctive characteristic of the oviduct.
Simple Columnar Epithelium - consists of two types of cells (also see MHS 224 for better examples):
Ciliated Cells - the cilia wave towards the uterus to help propel ovum or fertilized zygote to the uterus.
Peg Cells - secrete fluid that provides nutrients for the ovum or fertilized zygote.
Lamina Propria - connective tissue that supports the epithelium and contains blood vessels and nerves.

59
Q

Muscularis -

A

consists of an inner circular or spiral layer and an outer longitudinal layer whose peristaltic contractions help propel the ovum or fertilized zygote to the uterus

60
Q

Serosa -

A

composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium (or mesothelium) supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.

61
Q

Uterus

A

The uterus is the hollow organ in which the foetus develops during pregnancy. The inner lining is the
endometrium. The endometrium undergoes significant changes throughout the reproductive cycle
and in response to pregnancy. Deep to this can be found the myometrium which is the muscular
layer of the uterine wall responsible for contractions during parturition.

62
Q

Uterus

A

The uterus is a hollow organ in which the fetus develops. This cross-section is from the body of an uterus.

63
Q

The uterine wall is composed of three layers:

A 
Endometrium - specialized mucosa that undergoes marked changes during the menstrual cycle.
Functional Layer (or Pars Functionalis) - the upper two thirds of the mucosa that develops glands and is lost during menstruation.
Simple Columnar Epithelium - ciliated columnar and non-ciliated secretory cells.
Endometrial Stroma - the underlying lamina propria is highly cellular (stellate cells, macrophages and lymphocytes).
Uterine Glands - during the menstrual cycle the surface epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form simple tubular glands lined with mostly non-ciliated secretory cells.
64
Q

Glycogen stored in the base of the epithelial cells is characteristic of

A

early secretory glands. (It appears empty because glycogen is extracted during sample preparation.)

65
Q

Basal Layer

A

(or Pars Basalis) - lower third of the mucosa that is retained during menstruation and regenerates the functional layer.

66
Q

Myometrium -

A 
composed of three indistinct layers of smooth muscle.
Inner and Outer Layers - mostly longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle.
Middle Layer (or Stratum Vasculare) - thickest layer of mostly circular or spiral bundles of smooth muscle with numerous blood vessels.
67
Q

Perimetrium -

A

covered by an outer serous layer or visceral peritoneum that is continuous with the broad ligament

68
Q

The endometrium contains a unique system of blood vessels that undergo marked changes during the menstrual cycle. These are

A 
Arcuate Arteries (#1, #2 and #3) - 6 to 10 branches of the uterine artery that encircle the uterus in the myometrium.
Radial Arteries (#1 and #2) - branches of arcuate arteries that ascend into the endometrium and give rise to:
Straight Arteries (#1, #2 and #3) - supply the basal layer.
Spiral (or Coiled) Arteries (#1, #2 and #3) - pass through the basal layer and supply the functional layer.
Terminal Capillaries (#1, #2 and #3) - dilated (or ectatic) capillaries that arise from spiral arteries
69
Q

Mammary Gland

A

Mammary glands are compound, tubulo-alveolar glands whose structure changes depending on the reproductive status of females.

70
Q

Lactating Mammary Gland -

A

during pregnancy the mammary gland undergo morphologic and functional maturation.

71
Q

Mammary gland lobes

A

15 to 20 lobes separated by septae of connective tissue with adipose cells.

enclosed by a thin layer of connective tissue

72
Q

Lactiferous Duct -

A

each lobe is drained by a single lactiferous duct that opens into the nipple. It is lined by a double layer of cuboidal or columnar cells surrounded by a sheath of connective tissue with myoid cells.

73
Q

Intralobular Ducts

A

lined by one or two layers of cuboidal cells surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue.

74
Q

Terminal Ductules

A

branches of intralobular ducts lined with cuboidal secretory cells.

75
Q

During pregnancy the Intralobular and Terminal Ductules….

A

differentiate into secretory alveoli that produce milk.

76
Q

Alveoli

A

grow and expand during pregnancy and lactation.
Simple Epithelium - cuboidal or columnar secretory cells that synthesis and secrete milk.
Milk - the eosinophilic material within the alveolar lumen and ducts is proteins from secreted milk.

77
Q

Intralobular Stroma -

A

loose connective tissue with few adipose cells.

78
Q

Inactive (Resting) Mammary Gland -

A

is composed of the duct system but no alveoli. This specimen is from the region that surrounds the nipple.

79
Q

Lamina Propria -

A

dense connective tissue with numerous bundles of smooth muscle whose contraction allows for erection of the nipple.

Vet Med Year 1 (131 decks)

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