Management Systems II: Zoos and Collection Animals Flashcards
ROLE OF THE MODERN ZOO
CONSERVATION EDUCATION RESEARCH RECREATION WELFARE
What is a Zoo?
an establishment which maintains a collection of wild animals, typically in a park or gardens, for study, conservation, or display to the public
Particular aspects of a zoo
Permanent • Continuous exhibition not exempt • Wild species • any animal not normally domesticated • Farm Parks often don’t require a zoo license • Kept • Temporary exhibit eg. Bird of Prey Display • Exhibition to the public • Circuses & pet shops exempt • With or without charge • 7 or more days per 12 month period • Any period of 12 consecutive months • Dispensations • If don’t exhibit a significant number of species or individuals
Examples of Zoos
- Zoos
- Safari Parks
- Petting Zoos
- Aquaria
- Falconry Centres
- Wildlife Centres
- Colleges
- Farm Park?
- Deer Park?
To apply for a license a zoo must:
• Educate about biodiversity • Be suitable for the species kept • Follow high animal care standards • Minimise escapes • Prevent pests and vermin • Contribute to conservation Notify council at least 2 months before application Publish notice of intent in local and national newspaper
Zoo Inspections
Initial licensing inspection • 28 days notice • Local authority, nominated vet, collection vet Periodical inspections 4 year license renewal Subsequent 6 year renewal Special inspections License must be displayed on site Penalties for not meeting conditions
ZLA Inspection documents
🖋Site Map 🖋Animal Inventory 🖋Mission Statement 🖋Veterinary Programme Overview 🖋Zoonotic Disease Plan 🖋Pathology Policy 🖋Emergency Drill Records 🖋Pest Control 🖋Ethics Committee 🖋Conservation Activities 🖋Education Programmes 🖋Staff training 🖋Research
Zoo licensing can lead to:
Conditions
Must be adhered to within specific time frame
Recommendations
Should be adhered to by next inspection
Closure for non-compliance
Zoos must have contingency plans in place for such an event
Balai Directive (EC Directive 92/65/EEC)
Governs trade in and imports of animals, semen, ova and embryos Broom Adopted in 1992 EAZWV amendment in 2002 Transmissible diseases handbook (2004)
Application of Balai
One of the more confusing pieces of legislation Doesn’t apply to: Domestic farm animals Equids Poultry Fish
Balai Approval
Enables smooth transfer between collections Reduced pre-transfer testing Balai approved premises Site requirements Balai approved vet Annual disease surveillance plan Disease free Annex A diseases
CITES
Convention on international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora
Regulates breeding, transfer, display of species
Appendices 1 -3
Species+
Species listing reviewed 3 yearly
Article 10 / Article 60
EU Wildlife Trade Regulations
Health Certification
Government import/export certificates Health Certificates CITES permit to cross border TRACES – web based tool Generates ITAHC certificate
Animal Welfare Act 2006
Duty of care
Promotes welfare
Aims to reduce animal suffering by preventive action
Five welfare needs (5 Freedoms)
Animal: Vertebrate other than man
Protected Animal:
• Of a kind commonly domesticated in British Isles • Under control of man (temporary or permanent) • Is not living in a wild state
Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976
Minimises risk to the public posed by wild animals
Zoos exempt
Wild animal collections
Local authority grants license & regulates premises
Annual Inspections
Primates, marsupials, carnivores, reptiles, venomous species
Hybrids
Transport
The Welfare of Animals (Transport) (England) Order 2006 Protection of animals during transport Offence to transport in a way likely to cause suffering Pre transport health check Consider duration of journey Crates Purpose Built/Hired
What is a Firearm?
A lethal barrelled weapon of any description from which any shot, bullet or other missile can be discharged
Firearms Act 1968
Act controls use and possession of firearms
Firearms must be available where a zoo holds category 1 species
Certification, training and refresher training
Certificate only issued if legitimate sporting, collecting or work related reason
Strict storage regulations
Emergency response drills
Category 1: Greater Risk
Eg. All felids, large or venomous reptiles, ursids, large primates, large ungulates, macropods, sharks, venomous invertebrates
Category 2: Less Risk
Eg. Most canids, smaller primates, non venomous reptiles, large psittacines, most birds of prey, large rodents, procyonids, most mustelids
Category 3: Least Risk
Eg. Passerines, small rodents, non venomous invertebrates, small non venomous reptiles
Breeding programme regulations
At risk species managed within breeding programme European Studbooks (ESB) BIAZA, EAZA, AZA, WAZA EAZA Ex-Situ Programme (EEP) Taxon Advisory Group (TAG)
WAZA Welfare Strategy (WAZA, 2015)
• Nutrition: e.g. appropriate consumption of nutritious foods is a pleasurable experience
• Environmental: e.g. benign conditions offer adaptive choices and variety
• Health: e.g. physically sound (uninjured, disease- free) animals enjoy
good health
• Behaviour: e.g. environment-focused and inter- animal activities are
satisfying and engaging
• Mental or Affective State: e.g. animals experience comfort, pleasure,
interest and confidence
Why is good welfare important
🕯Conservation
🕯Education
🕯Research
🕯Does a lack of poor welfare = good welfare?
🕯Five freedoms don’t encourage positive welfare
Ethics and Welfare committee
💡Zoo licensing requirement 💡Members of the committee 💡Smaller zoos may seek advice from another committee 💡Example issues: 💡Animal acquisition 💡Use of animals 💡Euthanasia 💡Deflighting policies 💡Culling 💡Research
Environmental Enrichment
- Dietary • Sensory
- Olfactory • Visual
- Touch
- Cognitive
- Structural
- Social
- Human-Interaction
- Measure success of enrichment techniques
Freedom from distress and fear
🐒Handling & Capture 🐒Public contact 🐒Rest/Off Show Areas 🐒Multi-species exhibits 🐒Temporary separation 🐒Smoking
how do we assess welfare?
📝Care re anthropomorphic extrapolation 📝Five freedoms 📝EAZA Animal Welfare Assessment Library 📝BIAZA Welfare Toolkit 📝Still a lot to learn 📝Welfare parameters
✏️Subjective vs objective assessment
✏️Qualitative vs quantitative
assessment
✏️Consider reliability of assessment method
✏️Mixed methods
✏️Reliable objective quantitative assessment of welfare before and
Welfare parameters
🔎Behaviour
🔎Cortisol
🔎Body Condition
🔎Caretaker perceived welfare
Ethogram
– An inventory of behaviours or actions exhibited by an animal 🧮Tool for measuring a specific behaviour or a number of behaviours in an individual
🧮Activity Budget
– The proportion of time
an animal spends exhibiting each recorded behaviour
Collection Planning
📰Which species 📰How many 📰Gender ratios 📰Social group dynamics 📰Exhibits 📰Off show facilities 📰Quarantine requirements 📰Wild caught vs captive bred 📰Keeper experience 📰Captive breeding 📰Conservation value 📰Age distribution of group 📰Contraception/Reproductive control
Vet’s responsibilities
🧑🏻⚕️Various models of veterinary support
🧑🏻⚕️Resident vets
🧑🏻⚕️Site visits
🧑🏻⚕️Animals transported to clinic
🧑🏻⚕️Off site prescribing/emergency protocols
🧑🏻⚕️Frequency of visits
🧑🏻⚕️Budgets, zoo size, species held, dynamic collections
🧑🏻⚕️SSSMZP Appendix 5 suggests:
Preventativehealthcareplans 🦧 Treatmentofsickanimals 🦧 Ethics/Welfare Committee 🦧 Sample analysis 🦧 Emergencyescapeplans 🦧 Nutrition advice 🦧 Biosecurity advice and training 🦧 Postmortemexamination 🦧 Exhibitdesign 🦧 DrugsPolicies 🦧 CPD
Record Keeping
🗓Record Keeping required by SSSMZP (3.11) 🗓Legal Requirement 🗓Ideally computerised 🗓Shared appropriately 🗓To include: 🗓Preventive medicine 🗓Clinical medicine and surgery 🗓Pathological findings from ante-mortem testing 🗓Results of PME and testing
Veterinary Challenges
💊Proactive vs reactive 💊Preventative health 💊Budgets 💊On site vs off site 💊Planning 💊Communication
