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Radiology courses > Skeletal System Pathology > Flashcards

Skeletal System Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Transitional vertebra

A

Has characteristics of vertebrae on both sides of a major division of the spine

Occurs most often at the Lumbo Sacral Junction

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2
Q

Transitional vertebra radiographic appearance and treatment

A

Depends on the location.

The cervical may require surgical intervention.
Mostly go unnoticed/incidental findings

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3
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Is a spinal canal defect caused from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly.

Spinal Bifida Occulta is a mild, insignificant form, in which there is a splitting of the bony neural canal at the L5 or S1 level.

Large defects have complications of herniations: Meningocele and Myelomeningocele.

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4
Q

Spina Bifida Appearance

A

Large, boney defects

Seen as a soft tissue masses

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5
Q

Spina Bifida Treatment

A

Folic acid supplements
Usually no treatment for Occulta/meningoceles
Myelomeningoceles-surgical repair
Shunt for hydrocephalus

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6
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Nicknamed marble bones
It is a rare heriditary bone dysplasia in which failure of the resorptive mechanism of calcified cartilage interferes with the normal replacment by mature bone.
Results in brittle bones.

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7
Q

Osteopetrosis treatment

A

Currently none.
Meds to increase bone absorption/blood cell production.
Bone marrow transplant

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8
Q

Osteopetrosis appearance

A

Symmetric, generalized increase in bone density.
May be blurred.
Warrants increase in exposure factors.

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9
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Nick named brittle bone disease.
Disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eye.

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10
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta treatment

A

Rods in long bones
Medications
Potentially stem cell transplants

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11
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta appearance

A

Multiple fractures
Thin, defective cortices
Callus formation

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12
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Most common form of dwarfism
Results from diminished proliferation of cartilage in the growth plate.
An autosomal dominant condition.
Short limbs with a normal axial skeleton

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13
Q

Achondroplasia Treatment

A

No cure

Long bones surgically lengthened

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14
Q

Achondroplasia Appearance

A

Progressive narrowing of interpedicular distances

Long bones are short and thick.

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15
Q

Congenital hip dysplasia

A

Known as developmental hip dysplasia.

results form incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors

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16
Q

Congenital hip dysplasia treatment

A

Immobilization

Children not diagnosed and treated before walking will waddle like a duck

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17
Q

Congenital hip dysplasia appearance

A

Slightly larger joint space

Usually dislocation in frog view.

18
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A 
Chronic systemic idiopathic disease
Appears primarily as noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet. 
RA variants
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Psoriatic arthritis
19
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis appearance

A

Soft tissue swelling
Symmetric joint destruction
Narrowing joint spaces
Nodules (20% of patients)

20
Q

Osteoarthritis (DJD)

A

Common generalized disorder, loss of joint cartilage, and reactive new bone formation
Part of the wear and tear of the aging process
Affects the weight-bearing joints and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers.

21
Q

Osteoarthritis (DJD) appearance

A

Narrowing of joint spaces with osteophytes.
Irregular and more pronounced at weight-bearing stress is greatest.
Fingers-DIP joints involved.
Palpable/visible knobby thickening of Heberden’s nodes

22
Q

Infectious arthritis

A

Caused by pyogenic organisms

The most common type is migratory arthritis from lime disease

23
Q

Infectious arthritis appearance

A

Soft tissue swelling
Joint space narrowing
Rapid destruction of cartilage
Small focal erosion leading to loss of cortical outline

24
Q

Tuberculous arthritis

A

Chronic, indolent infection that has a gradual onset and a slowly progressive course
Usually involves one joint, commonly the spine, hips, knees.
Most patients have pulmonary TB

25
Q

Tuberculous arthritis appearance

A

Extensive juxta articular osteoporosis

Late stages; joint narrowing

26
Q

Treatment of arthritis

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Surgery
Antibiotics

27
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of the small fluid-filled sacs located near the joints that reduce the friction caused by movement.

28
Q

Bursitis treatment

A

Heat, rest, immobilization

Steroid injections

29
Q

Bursitis appearance

A

Usually not visualized on a plain radiograph.

50% of patients have calcific tendonitis

30
Q

Rotator cuff tears

A

Tears produce communication between the shoulder joint and the subacromial bursa

31
Q

Rotator cuff tears appearance

A

Arthrography-rupture demonstrating communication between the shoulder joint and subacromial bursa

32
Q

Tears of the menisci of the knee

A 
A common cause of knee pain
Causes
Acute trauma
Degeneration due to chronic trauma
MRI is the modality of choice
33
Q

Tears of the menisci of the knee treatment

A

Immobilization
PT
NSAIDs
Surgical intervention

34
Q

Tears of the menisci of the knee appearance

A

MRI modality of choice

35
Q

Bacterial osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and marrow caused by a variety of infectious organisms
Infections reach the bone by hematogenous spread, extension form an adjacent site of infection, or direct introduction of organisms

36
Q

Bacterial osteomyelitis treatment

A

Antibiotics
Surgery for debridement
Bone grafts

37
Q

Bacterial osteomyelitis appearance

A

Deep, soft tissue swelling
Metaphyseal lucency
Bone destruction
New bone surrounding cortex

38
Q

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

A

Potts disease

Rare today-but usually affects T and L spine

39
Q

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis treatment

A

Antibiotics
Antituberculous drugs
Back brace
Spinal fusion

40
Q

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis appearance

A

Lytic lesions

Collapse of the vertebrae

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