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Nervous system pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The physiology of the nervous system consists of

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

The central nervous system consists of

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Autonomic nerves

Ganglia

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4
Q

What are the two neurons of the peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent

Efferent

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5
Q

Afferent is

A

Sensory, neurons conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS

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6
Q

Efferent is

A

Motor, Neurons conduct impulses away from the CNS to the peripheral effectors

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7
Q

The somatic nervous system supplies to

A

The striated skeletal muscles

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8
Q

The autonomic nervous system supplies to

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue

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9
Q

CNS infections

A

Meningitis

Encephalitis

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10
Q

Meningitis is

A

An acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid

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11
Q

How does meningitis happen

A

Bacteria and viruses

Bacteria is the most common form

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12
Q

How can an infecting organism reach the meninges

A

Infection in the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, or frontal sinus.

Through the bloodstream

Infection in the lungs

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13
Q

Encephalitis is a

A

Viral inflammation of the brain and meninges. 30% of the cases occur in children

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14
Q

Symptoms of encephalitis are

A

Mild headache

Fever to severe cerebral dysfunction

Seizures

Coma

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15
Q

Herpes simplex virus can cause (Encephalitis)

A

Sudden, severe, and fatal process

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16
Q

CNS Tumors are

A

Glioma

Meningioma

Metastatic Carcinoma

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17
Q

Glioma is

A

The most common primary malignant tumors. Usually happens about mid life

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18
Q

Gliomas are composed of

A

Glial cells (supporting connective tissues in the CNS)

Spread by direct extension

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19
Q

Gliomas can cross

A

From one cerebral hemisphere to the other through connecting white matter tracts, such as the corpus callosum

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20
Q

Types of gliomas

A

Glioblastoma-highly aggressive

Astrocytoma-most common 70%, favor cerebrum, cerebellum

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21
Q

Meningioma is a

A

Benign tumor that arises from arachnoid lining cells

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22
Q

Meningiomas are attached to

A

Dura mater

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23
Q

Metastatic carcinoma is

A

The most common primary cancers to spread to the brain are the lung and the brain

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24
Q

What is the most common type of glioma

A

Astrocytoma, 70% of all gliomas

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25
Q

Traumatic processes

A

Skull fracture, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, cerebral contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, facial fractures

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26
Q

Skull fractures

A

The presence or absence of a skull fracture does not correlate with intracranial abnormalities.

CT is the modality of choice for head trauma

27
Q

Types of skull fractures

A

Linear

Diastatic

28
Q

Linear skull fractures

A

Appear on a plain radiograph as a sharp lucent line that is often irregular or jagged

29
Q

Diastatic skull fractures are

A

A linear fracture that intersects a suture and courses along it, causing sutural separation

30
Q

Depression skull fracture

A

They are star shaped with multiple fracture lines radiating outward from the central point.

31
Q

What views are required for a depressed skull fracture

A

Tangential, in order to determine the amount of depression

32
Q

Epidural hematoma is caused by

A

Acute arterial bleeding

33
Q

Subdural hematoma is caused by

A

Venous bleeding

Usually a vein between the dura and the other meninges

34
Q

Cerebral contusion is an injury to

A

The brain tissue caused by movement of the brain within the calvaria after blunt trauma to the skull.

Occurs when the brain contacts rough skull surfaces

35
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Is bleeding into the ventricular system due to injury to the surface veins, cerebral parenchyma, or cortical arteries.

36
Q

Facial fractures are

A

Easily fractured. Thin bones with little protection

Nasal bones are the most commonly fractured.

Make sure the patient is erect when imaging.

37
Q

CNS vascular diseases are

A

Any process that is caused by an abnormality of the blood vessels or blood supply to the brain

Stroke syndrome

Transient Ischemic Attacks

38
Q

Stroke syndrome is

A

The sudden and dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit (Acute brain infarction)

39
Q

Stroke varies from

A

Dense hemiplegia and coma to only a trivial neurologic disorder.

40
Q

Transient ischemic attacks are

A

Focal neurologic deficits that completely resolve within 24 hours

41
Q

Transient ischemic attacks result from

A

Emboli originate from the surface of an arteriosclerosis ulcerated plaque (embolic stroke) or from stenosis of an intracerebral artery.

42
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is the

A

Most common demyelinating disorder.

Shows as recurrent attacks of focal neurologic deficits.

MRI is modality of choice

43
Q

MS primarily involves the

A

Spinal cord

Optic nerves

Central white matter of the brain

44
Q

MS usually happens between the ages of

A

20 to 40 years

Strong predominance in women

45
Q

Epilepsy is a

A

Condition in which brain impulses are temporarily disturbed.

Most cases are idiopathic.

May be caused by head injury, birth trauma, or infection

46
Q

What happens during epilepsy

A

Could be a loss of consciousness for a few seconds to violent seizures

47
Q

Two primary forms of epilepsy are

A

Petite mal

Grand mal

48
Q

Petite mal is

A

The mildest form is most commonly seen in children and generally disappears in young adults

49
Q

Grand mal is

A

Convulsions associated with the patient falling to the floor, hypersalivation, and losing control of urine and sometimes feces

50
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Huntington’s disease

Parkinson’s disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

51
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease is

A

A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age than the senile period

52
Q

Huntington’s Disease is

A

An inherited condition that predominantly involves men

53
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

“Shaking palsy” is a progressive, degenerative disease

54
Q

Parkinson’s is characterized by

A

Stooped posture

Stiffness and slowness of movement

Fixed facial expressions

Involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs that disappears with voluntary movement

55
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

Idiopathic

Widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerve cells

Causes extensive paralysis

Death is usually from respiratory weakness or aspiration pneumonia

56
Q

Hydrocephalus is

A

Dilatation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure.

57
Q

The two types of hydrocephalus are

A

Noncommunicating (obstructive)

Communicating-most common-flows into the extraventricular subarachnoid space.

58
Q

Sinusitis is

A

Caused by a viral upper respiratory infection

Obstructs drainage

Causes pain, tenderness, and fever

59
Q

What is most commonly affected with sinusitis

A

Maxillary

60
Q

Reflux arc is

A

Involuntary reactions, the impulse conduction route to and from the CNS

61
Q

Synapse is

A

Impulses pass from one neuron to another at a junction

62
Q

Cortex is

A

The outer portion of the cerebrum

63
Q

Basal ganglia are

A

Deep within the white matter are a few islands of gray matter

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