Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiology courses > Lower Extremity Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Foot (Pes)

A

The foot consists of 26 bones divided into three parts:

Phalanges: There are 14 phalanges in the foot.

5 Proximal Phalanges (1-5)

4 Middle Phalanges (2-5) (The great toe (hallux) does not have a middle phalanx)

5 Distal Phalanges (1-5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ankle (Tarsus):

A

7 Tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Metatarsus (Instep) - Contains the metatarsals:

A

5 Metatarsals (1-5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Sustentaculum Tali

A

A small shelf of bone that projects medially from the medial surface of the calcaneus, right below the talus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sinus Tarsi

A

A small canal below the talus between the talus and calcaneus. Between the calcaneal sulcus and a similar groove on the inferior surface of the talus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcaneal Sulcus

A

A groove on the calcaneus between the medial and posterior facets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calcaneus

A

Is the largest tarsal bone. It is usually examined separate from the foot, if injured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Talus

A

Occupies the highest position and is second largest tarsal bone. The talus articulates with the calcaneus at the “subtalar” joint. It also articulates with the tibia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cuboid

A

Is on the lateral side between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Navicular

A

Is on the medial side between the calcaneus and the cuneiforms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cuneiforms

A

These occupy the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular and the first, second and third metatarsals. The medial cuneiform is the largest. The intermediate is the smallest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Sesamoid bones are small detached bones found in the foot. They usually form in points of stress near a joint and found on the posterior (plantar) surface of first MTP joint.

It is possible to fracture one or both because of the plantar location and it is very painful when one is fractured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Longitudinal Arch

A

Is visible when the foot is viewed on the medial border. The arch is formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones. The arch is maintained by strong ligaments that bind the adjacent bones together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Transverse Arch

A

Is a curve from the medial side of the plantar surface to the lateral margin of the foot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anatomy of the Leg (Crus)

A

Each leg has to bones, a tibia (shin bone) and a fibula. The tibia and fibula extend from the knee to the ankle. The bones lie parallel to each other with the fibula on the lateral side and the tibia on the medial side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tibia

A

The tibia is a large sturdy bone that lies medial to the fibula. It has a proximal extremity, a body and a distal extremity. The tibia is the second largest bone in body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Medial Condyle (Tibia)

A

The medial part of the upper expanded end of the tibia. Its smooth, slightly concave proximal surface articulates with the medial condyle of the femur at the knee joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Lateral Condyle (Tibia)

A

The lateral part of the upper expanded end of the tibia. Its smooth superior surface articulates with the lateral femoral condyle at the knee joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Intercondylar Eminence (Tibia)

A

A small, double pointed process on the proximal end of the tibia located between the articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles, slightly posterior to its midpoint.The process extends into the intercondylar fossa of the femur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Tibial Tuberosity (Tibia)

A

A rounded prominence on the anterior surface of the tibia below the condyles. The patellar ligament is inserted into it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Fibular or Articular Surface (Fibular Facet) (Tibia)

A

A small smooth rounded area on the posterior lateral border of the lateral tibial condyle. It articulates with the head of the fibula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Proximal Extremity Has: (Tibia)

A

The medial condyle

The lateral condyle

The intercondylar Eminence

The tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The Body (Tibia)

A

The long sturdy part becomes flattened as it approaches the ankle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Anterior Crest (Tibia)

A

A sharp ridge on the anterior surface (shin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Distal Extremity Has: (Tibia)

A

The Inferior Articular Surface

The Medial Malleolus

The Fibular Notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Inferior Articular Surface (Tibia)

A

A four sided smooth surface on the distal end of the tibia that articulates with the talus, forming the ankle joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The Medial Malleolus (Tibia)

A

Projects down from the medial margin of the distal end of the tibia. It reaches about 1/2 inch below the level of the ankle joint. It forms a large prominence on the medial border of ankle that is visible and palpable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Fibular Notch (Tibia)

A

A concave depression on the lateral surface of the tibia just above the ankle joint. It articulates with the medial border of the lower fibula to form the distal tibiofibular joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fibula

A

The fibula is a long slender bone lying on the lateral side of the tibia and parallel to it. It does not form any part of the knee joint but helps form the ankle joint. It has a head, body and lateral malleolus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The Head (Fibula)

A

Its upper expanded end that articulates with the fibular articular surface of the tibia, forming the proximal tibiofibular joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The Styloid Process (Apex) (Fibula)

A

The pointed upper end of the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Body (Fibula)

A

Long and very slender.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The Lateral Malleolus (Fibula)

A

The distal expanded end of the fibula. It extends down on the lateral margin of the ankle joint for about three-quarters of an inch. Its tip is at a lower level than that of the medial malleolus. Along with the medial malleolus forms the ankle mortise. Above the ankle joint it articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia forming the distal tibiofibular joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)- Formed by:

A
  1. The inferior articular surface of the tibia articulating with the trochlea of the talus
  2. The medial malleolus of the tibia with the medial surface of the talus
  3. The lateral malleolus of the fibula with the lateral surface of the talus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Intertarsals

A

Joints between adjacent tarsal bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tarsometatarsals

A

Joints between tarsals and the bases of the adjacent metatarsal bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Intermetatarsals

A

Joints between the bases of adjacent metatarsals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Metatarsophalangeal (MT or MTP)

A

Joint between the distal end (head) of a metatarsal and the base of the proximal phalanx of a toe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Interphalangeal (IP)

A

Joint between the phalanges of a toe (there is only one interphalangeal joint in the great toe).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP)

A

Joint between the head of the proximal phalanx and the base of the middle phalanx of a toe .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Distal Interphalangeal (DIP)

A

Joint between the head of the middle phalanx and the base of the distal phalanx of a toe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

A

Formed by the medial surface of the lower part of the fibula articulating with the fibular notch of the tibia on its lateral side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

A

Formed by a fibular articular surface on the upper posterior margin of the lateral tibial condyle articulating with the articular surface on the medial margin of the head of the fibula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The Patella (Knee Cap)

A

The largest, most constant sesamoid bone lying within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle tendon. It develops in quadriceps femoris tendon between 3 and 5 years of age.

It is a flat rounded bone that lies anterior to the knee joint on the distal, anterior femur. It is palpable, and it has an apex and the base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The Base (Patella)

A

A proximal slightly rounded upper border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The Apex (Patella)

A

The lower pointed end. The patellar ligament lies between it and the tibial tuberosity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Posterior Surface (Patella)

A

Is smooth and glides over the smooth patellar surface of the femur as the knee is flexed or extended.

48
Q

The Fabella Bone (Patella)

A

Is an extra sesamoid bone, located laterally, behind the knee. Only about 10% of the population has a fabella bone.

49
Q

The Femur

A

A long bone, the longest, largest, strongest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee. It is slightly curved, its convexity being located anteriorly. The femur has a proximal extremity, a body and a distal extremity.

50
Q

The Proximal Extremity Has: (Femur)

A

The Head (Caput Femoris)

The Neck

The Greater Trochanter

The Lesser Trochanter

The Intertrochanteric Crest

The Intertrochanteric Line

51
Q

The Head (Caput Femoris) (Femur)

A

The upper expanded rounded end that articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. The fovea capitis femoris is a small but definite hole at the center of the head. The ligamentum teres is attached to this depression and the acetabular notch of the hipbone.

52
Q

The Neck (Femur)

A

The constricted part connecting the head to the body of the femur. It is directed obliquely, posteriorly and laterally.

53
Q

The Greater Trochanter (Femur)

A

A large prominence on the lateral surface of the upper femur. It can be palpated through the skin and is a useful landmark. Also, note that the greater trochanter is in line with the pubis symphysis.

54
Q

The Lesser Trochanter (Femur)

A

A much smaller rounded process that extends medially from the posteromedial margin of the upper femur at the junction of the neck and the shaft. It lies at a lower-level than the greater trochanter and is not palpable.

55
Q

The Intertrochanteric Crest (Femur)

A

A ridge of bone that passes obliquely across the back of the upper femur between the greater and lesser trochanters.

56
Q

The Intertrochanteric Line (Femur)

A

A ridge that extends obliquely across the anterior surface of the upper femur from the greater trochanter to the medial border of the femur and front of the lesser trochanter.

57
Q

The Body (Shaft) (Femur)

A

The long, cylindrical part that becomes broadened as it approaches the knee.

58
Q

The Linea Aspera (Femur)

A

A double bony ridge that passes longitudinally down the posterior surface of the body of the femur.

59
Q

The Popliteal Surface

A

The flat area on the dorsal surface of the lower femur between the divided ridges of the linear aspera.

60
Q

The Distal Extremity Has: (Femur)

A

The Medial Condyle

The Lateral Condyle

The Intercondylar Fossa

The Patellar Surface

The Medial Epicondyle

The Lateral Epicondyle

The Adductor Tubercle

61
Q

The Medial Condyle (Femur)

A

A rounded knob like process that forms the medial part of the distal end of the femur. Its smooth surface articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia to form the knee joint.

62
Q

The Lateral Condyle (Femur)

A

A similar rounded process forming the lateral part of the distal end of the femur. It articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia forming part of the knee joint.

63
Q

The Intercondylar Fossa (Femur)

A

A deep notch located between the posterior parts of the femoral condyles.

64
Q

The Patellar Surface (Femur)

A

The smooth anterior surface of the distal part of the femur between the anterior parts of the femoral condyles. It forms a joint with the patella.

65
Q

The Medial Epicondyle (Femur)

A

A large prominence on the medial surface of the lower femur just above the medial condyle.

66
Q

The Lateral Epicondyle (Femur)

A

A smaller rounded process on the lateral surface of the lower femur above the lateral condyle.

67
Q

The Adductor Tubercle (Femur)

A

A small process on the medial surface of the medial epicondyle.

68
Q

The Knee Joint

A

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulating with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia and the patellar surface of the femur articulating with the petalla.

The knee is supported by ligaments:

–Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

–Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

–Tibial collateral ligament (TCL)

–Fibular collateral ligament (FCL)

69
Q

The Menisci (Semilunar Cartilages)

A

Two flat half-moon shaped discs of cartilage within the knee joint. The lateral meniscus is located between the lateral femoral and tibial condyles. The medial meniscus lies between the medial condyles of the femur and tibia. They act as cushions to lessen jarring at the knee joint.

70
Q

The Cruciate Ligaments

A

Two bands of fibrous tissue that pass up from the intercondylar part of the tibia, one to each margin of the intercondylar fossa.

71
Q

The Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

A

A large muscle on the front of the thigh that is attached to the base of the patella and also forms a covering that encloses the patella.

72
Q

The Patellar Ligament

A

Extends from the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

73
Q

The Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)

A

Consists of tow hip bones - the right and left hip bones and connects the lower limbs to the trunk. Other names for the hip bones are innominate and os coxae.

74
Q

The Pelvis

A

Consists of four bones - the right and left hip bones (innominate bones) and the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvis serves as the base for the trunk and a girdle for lower limb attachment.

The pelvis provides protection for the urinary bladder, some of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs.

75
Q

The Hip Bone or Innominate Bone (Os Coxae)

A

A right and left large irregular bone that connects the lower limb to the trunk. It consists of three bones that are fused together, the ilium, ischium and pubis. These bones meet to form the acetabulum.

76
Q

The Acetabulum (Hip Bone)

A

A deep circular cup shaped depression on the lateral surface of the hipbone below its middle. The circular depression forms a socket for the head of the femur at the hip joint.

77
Q

The Acetabular Notch (Hip Bone)

A

A gap on the inferior margin of the rim of acetabulum.

78
Q

The Acetabular Fossa (Hip Bone)

A

The flat central part of the acetabulum. The head of the femur rests upon the rim of this cup.

79
Q

The Obturator Foramen (Hip Bone)

A

A large opening in the anterior part of the hip bone, between the pubis and the ischium. It functions as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves and muscle tendons.

80
Q

The Ilium

A

Forms the upper 2/5 of the acetabulum and all of the hip bone above it. It has a body and a wing (ala).

81
Q

The Body (Ilium)

A

The thickened part close to the acetabulum. It forms the upper 2/5 of the acetabulum.

82
Q

The Ala (Wing) (Ilium)

A

The thin flattened upper part of the ilium above the body.

83
Q

The Crest (Ilium)

A

The upper curved border of the ala. It can be palpated throughout its length on the lateral wall of the abdomen. It is a very important landmark and is used for centering.

84
Q

The Iliac Fossa (Ilium)

A

The concave inner surface of the wing of Ilium.

85
Q

The Greater Sciatic Notch (Ilium)

A

A deep indentation on the posterior side where the sciatic nerve passes.

86
Q

The Iliopectineal Line (Arcuate Line) (Ilium)

A

A sharp line at the inferior margin of the iliac fossa, it marks the pelvic brim.

87
Q

The Auricular Surface (Ilium)

A

A rough, ear-shaped part posterior to the iliac fossa that articulates with the upper lateral part of the sacrum.

88
Q

The Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) (Ilium)

A

A prominent anterior end of the iliac crest. It is easily palpable.

89
Q

The Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) (Ilium)

A

Lies on the anterior margin of the ala about 1 inch below the anterior superior iliac spine. It cannot be palpated.

90
Q

The Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) (Ilium)

A

A prominence at the posterior end of the crest. A dimple in the skin marks its position and marks the midpoint of the sacroiliac joint.

91
Q

The Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS) (Ilium)

A

Lies at a lower-level on the posterior margin of the ilium about 1 inch below the posterior superior iliac spine and is not palpable.

92
Q

The Ischium

A

Forms the lower 2/5 of the acetabulum and the part of the hip bone below and dorsal to the acetabulum. It has a body and a ramus.

93
Q

The Body (Ischium)

A

Forms part of the acetabulum and the inferior and posterior part of the ischium.

94
Q

The ischial Spine (Ischium)

A

A pointed process that extends dorsally and medially from the body of the ischium.

95
Q

The Ischial Tuberosity (Ischium)

A

A large rounded process on the posterior surface of the lower end of the body of the ischium. It supports the weight of the body when the person is sitting down.

96
Q

The Lesser Sciatic Notch (Ischium)

A

An indentation inferior to the spine.

97
Q

The Ramus (Ischium)

A

Extends anteriorly, medially and upwards from the body. It unites with the inferior ramus of the pubis. The two rami form the lower margin of the obturator foramen.

98
Q

The Pubis (Ischium)

A

Forms the anterior 1/5 of the acetabulum and the anterior part of the hip bone in front of acetabulum and obturator foramen. It has a body and two rami. With the opposite pubic bone they form the pubic arch.

99
Q

The Body (Ischium)

A

Forms the anterior 1/5 of the acetabulum and is continued anteriorly as a superior ramus.

100
Q

The Superior Ramus (Ischium)

A

Extends anteriorly from the body to the pubic symphysis (the joint between the two pubic bones).

101
Q

The Inferior Ramus (Ischium)

A

Extends down from the lower end of the superior ramus and joins the ramus of the ischium.

102
Q

The Pubic Tubercle (Ischium)

A

A very small process on the superior margin of the pubic bone slightly lateral to the pubic symphysis.

103
Q

The Pubic Crest (Ischium)

A

A small ridge on the upper margin extending from the symphysis to the pubic tubercle.

104
Q

The Pubic Arch (Ischium)

A

The curved surface formed by the medial margins of both inferior rami of the pubic bones and the lower border of the pubic symphysis.

105
Q

The Hip Joint

A

Located where the pelvis meets the thigh. Formed by the head of the femur articulating with the cup shaped acetabulum of hip bone.

106
Q

The Ligamentum Teres

A

The ligament of the femoral head is attached to the fovea capitus femoris above and to the acetabular notch of the hip bone below.

107
Q

Sacroiliac Joints

A

Located in the posterior part of the pelvis. Formed by the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and Ilium.

108
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Located at the midline between the two pubic bones. Formed by the adjacent medial margins of the pubic bones.

109
Q

The Pelvis

A

A hollow curved cylinder with bony walls, at the inferior end of the vertebral column. Formed by the left and right hipbones, the sacrum and coccyx.

110
Q

Superior Aperture (opening of the pelvis), Pelvic Rim or Inlet

A

Is marked by the terminal line. It is a somewhat heart-shaped opening into the true pelvis and forms the plane of the inlet.

111
Q

The Inferior Aperature or Outlet

A

The opening of the lower end of the pelvis composed of the incomplete bony ring and the ligaments.

112
Q

The Greater Sciatic Notch

A

A deep notch on the posterior margin of the hipbone. Lies between the PIIS of the ilium above and the spine of the ischium below.

113
Q

The Lesser Sciatic Notch

A

Lies between the spine of the ischium above and the ischial tuberosity below. It is below the greater notch and is much smaller.

114
Q

The Female Pelvis

A

The hips of the female appear to be more prominent and the iliac crests are flared outward more and are less curved.

The anterior spines of the ilia are further apart.

The superior aperture or inlet is larger and more rounded in the female pelvis.

The acetabular and ischial tuberosities are further apart and flare outwards.

The ischial spines are not directed as far medially. They are farther apart.

The inferior aperture or outlet is also larger.

The pubic arch is broader and the joint of the pubic symphysis is shorter than in the male.

115
Q

The Male Pelvis

A

The superior aperture or inlet is more heart-shaped in the male pelvis.

The ischial spines are directed more medially.

The joint of the pubic symphysis is longer.

116
Q

Bony landmarks of the pelvis are:

A

–Iliac crest

–ASIS

–Pubic symphysis

–Greater trochanter

–Ischial tuberosity

–Tip of coccyx

117
Q

Hip Joint Localization

A
  1. Palpate ASIS and superior margin of pubic symphysis
  2. Draw a line connecting the two - Midpoint directly above acetabular cavity center dome
  3. Draw a line at right angle to midpoint of the above line

This line parallels the femoral neck.

–Femoral head = 1½ inches (3.8 cm) distal

–Femoral neck = 2½ inches (6.4 cm) distal

Radiology courses (68 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions