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Physics year 2 tests Flashcards

1
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Off all the forms, which has the highest RBE

A

500 KeV alpha particles

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2
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the E-M forms, which would be most likely to resonate with living tissue

A

90 KeV x-rays

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3
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the E-M forms, which has the lowest RBE

A

2 MeV x-rays

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4
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the E-M forms, which has the highest LET

A

90 KeV x-rays

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5
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the E-M types, which would have the lowest OER

A

90 KeV x-rays

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6
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the E-M forms, which has the highest frequency

A

2 MeV x-rays

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7
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of forms 1 and 2, which would be the most enhanced by the addition of oxygen

A

2 MeV x-rays

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8
Q
  1. 2MeV x-rays
  2. 400KeV gamma rays
  3. 90KeV x-rays
  4. 500KeV fast neutrons
  5. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the particulate forms, which has the lowest LET

A

500 KeV fast neutrons

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9
Q

There is an inverse relationship between energy and LET (for e-m radiation) (T/F)

A

True

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10
Q

What is the RBE of beta particles

A

1

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11
Q

RBE and QF (Quality factor) are interchangeable terms (T/F)

A

True

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12
Q

The formula for OER is

A

Dose anoxic/Dose aerobic

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13
Q

What is the basis for the REM

A

LET

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14
Q

The units for RBE are

A

RBE does not have units

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15
Q
  1. 100KeV fast neutrons
  2. 200KeV protons
  3. 500KeV fast neutrons
  4. 500KeV alpha particles

Which of the particles listed has the greatest mass

A

500 KeV alpha particles

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16
Q
  1. 100KeV fast neutrons
  2. 200KeV protons
  3. 500KeV fast neutrons
  4. 500KeV alpha particles

Which of the listed radiations has the lowest RBE

A

100 KeV fast neutrons

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17
Q
  1. 100KeV fast neutrons
  2. 200KeV protons
  3. 500KeV fast neutrons
  4. 500KeV alpha particles

Of the radiations listed, which has the highest LET

A

500 KeV alpha particles

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18
Q
  1. 100KeV fast neutrons
  2. 200KeV protons
  3. 500KeV fast neutrons
  4. 500KeV alpha particles

If oxygen enhancement were a factor for particulate radiation, which of the above would have the highest OER

A

100 KeV fast neutrons

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19
Q
  1. 10MeV gamma rays
  2. 1MeV x-rays
  3. 100KeV x-rays
  4. 60KeV beta particles (acting like e-m radiation)
  5. 50KeV gamma rays

Which has the lowest LET

A

10 MeV gamma rays

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20
Q
  1. 10MeV gamma rays
  2. 1MeV x-rays
  3. 100KeV x-rays
  4. 60KeV beta particles (acting like e-m radiation)
  5. 50KeV gamma rays

Which has the most energy

A

10 MeV gamma rays

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21
Q
  1. 10MeV gamma rays
  2. 1MeV x-rays
  3. 100KeV x-rays
  4. 60KeV beta particles (acting like e-m radiation)
  5. 50KeV gamma rays

Which of the above has the highest frequency

A

10 MeV gamma rays

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22
Q
  1. 10MeV gamma rays
  2. 1MeV x-rays
  3. 100KeV x-rays
  4. 60KeV beta particles (acting like e-m radiation)
  5. 50KeV gamma rays

Which of the above would have the greatest OER

A

10 MeV gamma rays

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23
Q
  1. 10MeV gamma rays
  2. 1MeV x-rays
  3. 100KeV x-rays
  4. 60KeV beta particles (acting like e-m radiation)
  5. 50KeV gamma rays

Which has the highest RBE

A

50 KeV gamma rays

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24
Q

The LET of diagnostic x-rays is

A

3 KeV/um

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25
Q

Children are more radioresistant than adults (T/F)

A

False

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26
Q

If LET is high, OER should be around 1 (T/F)

A

True

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27
Q

Fractionation is

A

The most common form of radiation delivery in Radiation Oncology

Involves delivery of radiation over several equal doses with resting periods between.

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28
Q

What is the energy range of the “standard radiation” used to compute RBE

A

200-250 KvP

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29
Q

Cells in mitosis are more radiosensitive than those in interphase (T/F)

A

True

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30
Q

There is a direct relationship between RBE and LET (T/F)

A

True

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31
Q

Radiation dose can be accumulated over time (T/F)

A

True

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32
Q

Hormesis is an observable effect but has not been proven (T/F)

A

True

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33
Q

What has a quality factor of about 1

A

Beta particles, X-rays, and Gamma Rays

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34
Q

Recovery results from two processes, what are they

A

Repair and Repopulation

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35
Q

At what age are humans most radiosensitive

A

Before birth

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36
Q

The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau helped define the relative radiosensitivity of cells and tissues. (T/F)

A

True

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37
Q

An experiment determines that a mouse population is wiped out with 400 RAD of orthovoltage. A second population is killed with 20 RAD of alpha particles. What is the RBE of the alpha particles in mouse populations?

A

20

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38
Q

If mice are killed with 900 RAD of 1MeV gamma rays, but adding oxygen to similar population results in death at only 300 RAD of the same radiation type, what is the OER of the 1MeV radiation (for mice)?

A

3

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39
Q

If the LET of alpha particles is 100:

A

it means that alpha particles are good killers

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40
Q

An SSB (Single side break) is an example of main chain scission (T/F)

A

True

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41
Q

DNA is considered the target molecule because

A

It is the smallest molecule in the cell

It cannot be replaced if destroyed

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42
Q

Radiolysis of water is

A

The source of the indirect effect

Can result in the creation of ions

Can result in the creation of free radicals

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43
Q

Radiolysis of water can

A

Result in the production of hydrogen peroxide

Is sometimes a harmless effect

Produces more toxins in the presence of oxygen

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44
Q

Cross-linking increases the viscosity of solutions (T/F)

A

True

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45
Q

Point lesions are

A

Also called mutations

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46
Q

Which is a more likely occurrence, direct or indirect effect?

A

The indirect effect

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47
Q

If there were no wasted hits, the mean lethal dose is the dose sufficient to kill 100% of the population (T/F)

A

False, 67% of the population

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48
Q

Cells with long generation times are especially radiosensitive (T/F)

A

False, cells with short generation times

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49
Q

The threshold dose

A

Helps determine the relative radiosensitivity of the population

Is always less than the mean lethal dose

Correlates to the ability of the population to survive a sublethal dose

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50
Q

High LET radiation interacts with cells as if they were a “single target, single hit” (T/F)

A

True

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51
Q

M phase is the most radiosensitive time in a cell’s life (T/F)

A

True

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52
Q

If oxygen levels increase in a population then

A

The number of free radicals increases

Poison production goes up

Low LET radiation will become a more effective killer

High LET radiation will be unaffected

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53
Q

Which is more dangerous, free radicals or Ion’s

A

Free radicals

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54
Q

A single, indirect hit on the human DNA molecule will often be sufficient to inactivate a complex cell

A

False, must be multi

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55
Q

D sub o is called

A

The mean lethal dose

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56
Q

Humans follow a multi-target, single-hit model (T/F)

A

True

57
Q

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) can be stated as

A

D sub o (orthovoltage x radiation)/D sub o (test radiation)

58
Q

Apoptosis is

A

Describes a naturally occuring process

Can be instigated by a radiation insult

Includes lymphocyte death

59
Q

A proto-oncogene is a gene that regulates normal cell growth, but an oncogene encourages abnormal cell proliferation (T/F)

A

True

60
Q

Point mutations are the result of the change or loss of a base in the DNA molecule (T/F)

A

True

61
Q

The longer the cell generation time for a cell type, the more radioresistant it will be (T/F)

A

True

62
Q

At sublethal doses

A

A population will recover from a radiation insult

There can be some damage to the DNA molecule of individual organisms

A few individuals in the population will probably die

63
Q

Humans are most radiosensitive in what part of the cell’s life cycle

A

Mitosis

64
Q

The width of the shoulder on a cell-survival kinetics curve defines

A

D sub q

65
Q

Interphase (S phase) is the most radioresistant time in a cell’s life (T/F)

A

True

66
Q

A cell is permanently compromised if it receives a second sublethal dose (T/F)

A

False

67
Q

Free radicals live forever, which is why they are so dangerous (T/F)

A

False

68
Q

The D sub Q is higher for humans than paramecium (a one-celled organism) (T/F)

A

True

69
Q

Which of these is the basis for the REM

A

LET

70
Q

What is the RBE of beta particles (in the diagnostic range)

A

1

71
Q

DNA is the target molecule because it controls the formation of protein molecules in the cell (T/F)

A

True

72
Q

If it takes 500RAD of orthovoltage to kill a mouse population and 100RAD of fast neutrons to kill a similar mouse population, what is the RBE of this test radiation

A

5

73
Q

Hormesis is

A

A process brought about by low doses of radiation over a long period of time

Stimulates the immune system and impedes tumor growth

Has been shown to result in a longer life and less chance of certain diseases

74
Q

RNA is more abundant in a cell than are nucleic acids (T/F)

A

False

75
Q

LET determines the magnitude of RBE and OER (T/F)

A

True

76
Q

Supperssor genes prevent proto-oncogenes from doing their job (T/F)

A

False

77
Q

A shorter cell generation time for a cell type would mean the cell will be more radioresistant (T/F)

A

False

78
Q

Which of the following radiation choices has the highest LET

2MeV gamma rays

50KeV x-rays

20MeV alpha particles

A

20MeV alpha particles

79
Q

Of the e-m forms of radiation listed, which has the highest RBE

2MeV gamma rays

50KeV x-rays

20MeV alpha particles

A

50 KeV x-rays

80
Q

Of the e-m forms listed, which has the highest frequency

2MeV gamma rays

50KeV x-rays

20MeV alpha particles

A

2MeV gamma rays

81
Q

Which of the listed radiations will be most “helped” in killing power by the addition of oxygen

2MeV gamma rays

50KeV x-rays

20MeV alpha particles

A

2MeV gamma rays

82
Q

Which of the radiations listed will be helped the least by the addition of oxygen

2MeV gamma rays

50KeV x-rays

20MeV alpha particles

A

20MeV alpha particles

83
Q

The mean survival time for this syndrome is about 4 days

A

GI Syndrome

84
Q

This period of time can last from a few hours to weeks and is often mistaken for recovery

A

Latent Period

85
Q

This form of manifest illnes is brought on by doses over 5000 RAD

A

CNS Syndrome

86
Q

This is the immediate response to high doses of radiation

A

Prodromal Period

87
Q

This is the only syndrome from which an individual might recover from

A

Hematologic syndrome

88
Q

This syndrome’s symptoms include ataxia and meningitis

A

CNS Syndrome

89
Q

This is the syndrome whose time of survival is not dose related

A

GI Syndrome

90
Q

The average time between radiation exposure and death is called

A

Mean Survival Time

91
Q

Partial body exposure will require a greater dose to produce a response than whole body exposure (T/F)

A

True

92
Q

The dose to human population that will cause 50% lethality in 60 days is

A

350 RAD (3.5Gy)

93
Q

There were no reports of skin cancer in the kearly days of radiology (T/F)

A

False

94
Q

Erythema will be seen immediately after a high dose of radiation (T/F)

A

False

95
Q

The germ cells of men are more radiosensitive than those of females (T/F)

A

True

96
Q

Stem cells in the intestinal tract (endothelial cells) mature in how many days

A

In about 4 days

97
Q

The most radiosensitive time in the development of sperm and ova is

A

Spermatogonia and Oocyte

98
Q

The period of highest radiosensitivity for female gonads is

A

Early childhood

99
Q

Males should refrain from procreation for a few months after a radiation dose of

A

10 RAD (100mGy)

100
Q

Permanent sterility is produced at the same radiation dose in males and females (T/F)

A

True

101
Q

In the early days of radiology, x-ray workers checked their radiation dose by

A

Having blood work done

102
Q

In order of least sensitive to most sensitive, list the blood cell types

A

Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Granulocytes, Lymphocytes

103
Q

Lymphocytes and oocytes are the most radiosensitive cell types (T/F)

A

False, Spermatagonia and Lymphocytes

104
Q

All blood cell types are formed from a single type of “precursor” or stem cell (T/F)

A

True

105
Q

The prodromal period can be instigated at what minimum dose level

A

100 RAD (1Gy)

106
Q

LD 90/60 means

A

90% killed within 60 days

107
Q

According to the U.S. government, after a 1 megaton surface blast, all life will be eliminated within a several mile radius. At 30 miles away, the radiation insult will be 3000 REM (30Sv). At 90 miles, the exposure will be 900 REM (9Sv). At 160 miles, the exposure will be 300 REM (3Sv) and at 250 miles away, the exposure will be 90 REM (.9Sv).

How far away must you be to prevent instigation of any cute radiation syndrome

A

250 miles

108
Q

According to the U.S. government, after a 1 megaton surface blast, all life will be eliminated within a several mile radius. At 30 miles away, the radiation insult will be 3000 REM (30Sv). At 90 miles, the exposure will be 900 REM (9Sv). At 160 miles, the exposure will be 300 REM (3Sv) and at 250 miles away, the exposure will be 90 REM (.9Sv).

At 90 miles distance, which syndrome (if any) will appear

A

Hematologic syndrome

109
Q

According to the U.S. government, after a 1 megaton surface blast, all life will be eliminated within a several mile radius. At 30 miles away, the radiation insult will be 3000 REM (30Sv). At 90 miles, the exposure will be 900 REM (9Sv). At 160 miles, the exposure will be 300 REM (3Sv) and at 250 miles away, the exposure will be 90 REM (.9Sv).

At 90 miles distance, is it possible to survive the insult (with medical attention) (Y/N)

A

Yes

110
Q

According to the U.S. government, after a 1 megaton surface blast, all life will be eliminated within a several mile radius. At 30 miles away, the radiation insult will be 3000 REM (30Sv). At 90 miles, the exposure will be 900 REM (9Sv). At 160 miles, the exposure will be 300 REM (3Sv) and at 250 miles away, the exposure will be 90 REM (.9Sv).

At 30 miles away

A

The central nervous system will be affected

Death will occur in 4-10 days

The circulating blood cells will be affected

111
Q

Apoptosis is the process by which female oogonia die (T/F)

A

True

112
Q

The principle stochastic effects are radiation-induced:

A

Malignancy and genetic effects

113
Q

Early radiologists who conducted exams without the benefit of protective gloves developed a condition on their hands and forearms called

A

Radio dermititis

114
Q

Chromosome damage in the circulating lymphocytes can be produced as both a deterministic and a stochastic effect (T/F)

A

True

115
Q

Low doses of radiation do not produce chromosome aberrations (T/F)

A

False

116
Q

Radiation-induced cataracts occur on the

A

Posterior pole of the lens

117
Q

The average latent period for radiation-induced cataracts is

A

15 yrs

118
Q

The dose-response relationship for radiation-induced cataracts is

A

non-linear, threshold

119
Q

At worst, humans can expect a reduced life-span of approximately

A

10 days for every 10 mGy

120
Q

Radiology is a safe profession (T/F)

A

True

121
Q

It is nearly impossible to associate a particular late response with a previous radiation exposure (T/F)

A

True

122
Q

A relative risk of 1.5 would indicate that the frequency of late response is

A

50% higher in the irradiated population

123
Q

If the leukemia incidence in an irradiated population exceeds the expected incidence, the difference between expected and actual incidence would be considered

A

Excess risk

124
Q

If at least two different dose levels are known then it may be possible to calculate

A

Absolute risk

125
Q

To determine the absolute risk, one must assume a linear dose-response relationship (T/F)

A

True

126
Q

The dose-response relationship for leukemia is

A

Linear, non-threshold

127
Q

A number of population groups have shown an elevated incidence of leukemia after radiation exposure (T/F)

A

True

128
Q

Radiation-induced leukemia is considered to have a latent period of

A

4-7 years

129
Q

There is no question that radiation exposure can cause cancer (T/F)

A

True

130
Q

Which cancers are known to be caused by radiation exposure

A

Bone

Skin

Thyroid

131
Q

Before pregnancy, the primary concern is for

A

Interrupted fertility

132
Q

During pregnancy, the primary concern is for

A

Congenital effects on newborns

133
Q

Low-dose, chronic irradiation can impair fertility (T/F)

A

False

134
Q

With age the embryo (and fetus)

A

Becomes less radiosensitive

135
Q

Which is the most radiosensitive period of pregnancy

A

First trimester

136
Q

The effects of radiation in utero include

A

Prenatal death

Neonatal death

General impairment of growth

137
Q

The first two weeks of pregnancy may be of least concern because the effect is all or nothing (T/F)

A

True

138
Q

During most pre-reproductive life, the man is less sensitive than the woman to the genetic effects of radiation exposure (T/F)

A

False, males are more radiosensitive

139
Q

Stochastic effects occur

A

A long time after exposure

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