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Radiology courses > Gastrointestinal System Section 1 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

kVp goes up when performing a

A

Single contrast barium, somewhere around 120 kVp

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2
Q

kVp goes down when performing a

A

Double-contrast barium, somewhere around 90kVp

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3
Q

The basic function of the GI system is

A

To alter the chemical and physical composition of food so it can be absorbed and used by body cells

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4
Q

The functions of the GI system is dependent on

A

Secretions of the endocrine and exocrine glands

Controlled movement of ingested food through the tract so absorption can occur

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5
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula-Congenital form

A

Failure of the esophageal lumen to develop completely seperate from the trachea

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6
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula-Acquired type

A

Caused by cancer, infection, trauma, instrumentation perforation

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7
Q

Congenital form appearance

A

Type 1 TE fistula is the second most common, upper and lower are blind, no air, type 3 is the most common type. Air will be below the diaphragm. type 2, upper will communicate and lower will not.

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8
Q

Esophageal Atresia

A

The lack of the development of the esophageal lumen resulting in a blind pouch

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9
Q

Esophagitis

A

Reflux of the stomach contents into the distal esophagus

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10
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

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11
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Chronic esophagitis may result in strictures

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12
Q

Esophagitis can be caused by

A

Herpes virus

Candida

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13
Q

Ingestion of corrosive agents

A

Produce an acute inflammatory change in the esophagus.

Superficial penetration of the toxic agent results in a minimal ulceration

Deeper penetration of the submucosa and muscular layers causes sloughing of destroyed tissue and deep ulcerations

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14
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Most are squamous cell type

The most common site is the esophagogastric junction

Associated with excessive alcohol intake and smoking

Dysphagia occurs late in the disease

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15
Q

Esophageal Diverticula

A

Outpouching of the esophageal wall

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16
Q

Two types of esophageal diverticula

A

True or traction-involve all layers of the wall

False or pulsion-composed of only mucosa and submucosa herniating through the muscular layer

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17
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Dilated veins in the distal esophagus.

Caused by portal hypertension-is usually caused by cirrhosis

May hemorrhage

18
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Protrusion of a portion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm.

Commonly causes GERD

The degree of herniation varies widely

19
Q

Achalasia

A

Functional obstruction of the distal esophagus with proximal dilation.

Caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

20
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

May be radiopaque or radiolucent

Radiopaque is often seen without the aid of contrast

Radiolucent is best seen with the aid of barium swallow

Two projections 90 degrees from each other to truly determine the object is lodged in the esophagus

21
Q

Perforation of the esophagus

A

Can happen from esophagitis, peptic ulcer, neoplasm, external trauma, instrumentation.

Some perforations may result from severe vomiting (the most common cause) or coughing, often from dietary or alcoholic indiscretion.

22
Q

Atresia is

A

A developmental anomaly in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

23
Q

Achalasia is

A

The failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to fully relax

24
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa.

Caused by Alcohol, corrosive agents, and infection.

It changes the normal surface pattern of the gastric mucosa

25
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Also known as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyperplastic and hypertrophic

Can be palpated-hard and “olive”

26
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

A group of inflammatory processes involving the stomach and duodenum.

Most common location is the lesser curvature.

Most common cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

95% occur in the duodenal bulb

27
Q

Cancer of the stomach

A

Is rare in the US. Prevalent in Japan, Chile, and parts of Eastern Europe.

Pain is not an early symptom, so diagnosis usually occurs in the late stage.

Prognosis is poor

Most occur in the distal part of the stomach.

28
Q

Lymphoma of the stomach

A

A malignancy of the lymphoreticular system

Gastric lymphoma often is seen as a large, bulky polyploid mass, usually irregular and ulcerated.

Can be indistinguishable from a carcinoma.

29
Q

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers of the US (T/F)

A

False

30
Q

All of the following are complications of peptic ulcer disease except

A

GERD is not a complication

31
Q

Alcoholic gastritis

A

May produce thickening of the gastric folds multiple superficial gastric erosions or both.

32
Q

Corrosive gastritis

A

Is acute inflammatory reaction heals by fibrosis and scarring, which result in severe narrowing of the antrum and may cause obstruction of the gastric outlet

33
Q

Bacterial gastritis

A

Inflammatory thickening of the gastric wall causes narrowing of the stomach, which may mimic gastric cancer

34
Q

Infectious gastritis

A

Can be made if there is evidence of gas bubbles (produces by the bacteria) in the stomach wall.

35
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis

A

(Nonerosive) refers to severe mucosal atrophy (wasting) that causes thinning and a relative absence of the mucosal folds, with the fundus or entire stomach having a bald appearance.

36
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

An increase in intraluminal and intramural pressures associated with vomiting after an alcoholic bout causes superficial mucosal laceration or fissures near the esophagogastric junction, producing severe hemorrhage.

37
Q

Traction diverticula

A

Reflect motor function disturbance and develop in response to the pull of fibrous adhesions after infection of the mediastinal lymph nodes

38
Q

Epiphanic diverticula

A

Arise in the distal 10 cm of the esophagus. Associated with incoordination of esophageal peristalsis and sphincter relaxation, which increases the intraluminal pressure in this segment.

39
Q

Zenker diverticula

A

Arise from the posterior wall of the upper (cervical) esophagus. Sometimes they can become so large that they almost occlude the esophageal lumen.

40
Q

Chyme

A

Is a milky white fluid that is propelled through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum by the rhythmic smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis

41
Q

Emulsifier

A

A substance that acts like soap by dispersing the fat into very small droplets that permit it to mix with water.

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