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Radiology courses > Gastrointestinal (Digestive) System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal (Digestive) System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is composed of

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

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2
Q

The accessory organs of the digestive system are

A

Pancreas

Liver

Gall Bladder

Bile Ducts

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3
Q

What is mastication

A

Chewing

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4
Q

What is Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

Peristalsis

A

Is contraction waves by which the digestive tube propels contents towards the rectum. Usually takes 2-3 hours for emptying

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6
Q

Three types of salivary glands and their ducts

A

Parotid gland with the Stenson’s duct

Submandibular gland with the Wharton’s Duct

Sublingual gland with the Ducts of Rivinus

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7
Q

There are two parotid glands

A

These are the largest ducts. They are located by the mandibular ramus on the right and left. Mumps developed here

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8
Q

There are two Submandibular glands.

A

Located under the floor of the mouth. The ducts are on either side of he frenulum. A frenulum is a small fold.

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9
Q

There are two sublingual glands.

A

These are located under the tongue

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10
Q

Ptyalin

A

Is the protein found in saliva that helps break down carbohydrates

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11
Q

There are three types of tonsils

A

Adenoids (Pharyngeal)

Palatine

Lingual (Many of these are in the back of the tongue)

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12
Q

The three tonsils together form an imaginary ring called

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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13
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Is the membrane that lines the cavities

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14
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Is the membrane that covers the organs. These coverings are very vascular.

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15
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Is the potential space between the two layers

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16
Q

Retroperitoneum

A

Is behind the Peritoneum and is between the peritoneum and the abdominal wall

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17
Q

Mesentery

A

The double layer of peritoneum that anchors the small intestine

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18
Q

Mesocolon

A

Is the double layer of peritoneum that anchors the large intestine

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19
Q

Omentum

A

Is the double layer of peritoneum between two organs

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20
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Goes from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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21
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Is between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

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22
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive wall

A

Serous

Muscular

Submucosa

Mucosa

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23
Q

Serous layer

A

Secretes serous fluid. This is the visceral peritoneum. The esophagus does not have this layer

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24
Q

Muscular layer

A

Has two layers, the logitudinal and the inner circular for peristalsis

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25
Q

Submucosa layer

A

Is vascular. Lymphatics and nerves also live here

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26
Q

Mucosa layer

A

Is the innermost layer. It contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes

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27
Q

Esophagus (Gullet)

A

Is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. Is about 8-10 inches long. Runs behind the trachea and heart and just in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm

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28
Q

Stomach (Gaster)

A

Is a dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestine.

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29
Q

Rugae

A

Ridges of muscle that line the stomach.

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30
Q

What are the four parts of the stomach

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pyloric Portion

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31
Q

Cardia

A

Is the section surrounding the esophageal opening

32
Q

Fundus

A

Is the superior portion that fills the left hemidiaphragm. Lies more posterior in the body.

33
Q

The body of the stomach

A

Is located between the fundus and pyloric portion

34
Q

Pyloric portion

A

Consist of the pyloric antrum and narrowed pyloric canal

35
Q

Antrum

A

Is the beginning portion of the pyloris

36
Q

The lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Is on the right border

37
Q

The greater curvature of the stomach

A

Is located on the left border

38
Q

The cardiac notch of the stomach

A

Is the sharp angle at the esophagogastric junction

39
Q

Sphincters of the stomach

A

Control the entrance and exit

40
Q

Cardiac orifice of the stomach

A

Is the opening between the esophagus and stomach

41
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter of the stomach

A

Controls the opening

42
Q

Pyloric orifice of the stomach

A

Is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. The pyloric orifice is controlled by the pyloric sphincter.

43
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

44
Q

Villi of the Small intestine

A

Are small, finger-like projections that help with absorption

45
Q

Plicae circulares of the small intestine

A

Are mucosal folds that increase the surface area that can absorb nutrients

46
Q

Peyer’s Patches of the small intestines

A

Collections of lymph tissue in the mucosal lining. They destroy bacteria and help with long term immunity

47
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption of food.

Peristalsis

The average transit time to the ileocecal valve is 2-3 hours

48
Q

There are 9 sections of the large intestine

A

Cecum and Appendix

Ascending Colon

Hepatic Flexure (Right Colic Flexure)

Transverse Colon

Splenic Flexure (Left Colic Flexure)

Descending colon

Sigmoid

Rectum

Anal Canal and Anus

49
Q

Cecum

A

Is a pouchlike portion below the junction of the ileum and colon

50
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

Is a worm shaped structure and it is attached to posteromedial side of cecum. Feces can move in and out of the appendix

51
Q

Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)

A

Is a sharp angle at the ascending and transverse colon

52
Q

Left colic flexure (splenic flexure)

A

Is a sharp angle at the junction of the transverse and the descending colon

53
Q

Sigmoid

A

This portion forms an S-shaped loop and ends at the rectum at the level of the third sacral segment. Can get entangled and lead to serious problems

54
Q

Rectum

A

Extends from the sigmoid to the anal canal. Follows the curve of the sacrum

55
Q

The anal canal

A

Terminates at the anus

56
Q

The haustra of the large intestine

A

Is a series of pouches along the large intestine

57
Q

The taeniae coli of the large intestine

A

Are muscular bands that form the haustra

58
Q

The semilunar folds of the large intestine

A

Are folds in between the haustra

59
Q

Sthenic

A

50% of the population

60
Q

Hyposthenic

A

35% of the population

61
Q

Asthenic

A

10% of the population

62
Q

Hypersthenic

A

5% of the population

63
Q

The liver

A

Is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the abdomen. Weighs about 3lbs. Protected by the rib cage

64
Q

What are the four regions of the liver

A

Right lobe

Left lobe

Quadrate lobe

Caudate lobe

65
Q

What is the falciform ligament of the liver

A

It divides the liver into two major lobes, the right lobe (larger) and the left lobe (smaller)

66
Q

What is a hepatic artery

A

It supplies oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta

67
Q

What is the portal vein

A

It carries blood from the digestive system to be filtered by the liver

68
Q

What is in the biliary system

A

It includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and certain cells inside the liver and bile ducts outside the liver.

69
Q

What does the biliary system do

A

It transports, stores, and releases bile into the duodenum to help indigestion

70
Q

The gallbladder

A

Is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. It stores bile produced by the liver.

71
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Are cells that produce insulin

72
Q

The Duct of Wirsung

A

Joins the pancreas to the common bile duct

73
Q

Diverticulus

A

Is a herniation (outpouching) of the mucous membrane through a weakened area

74
Q

Polyp

A

Is a growth into the intestinal lumen

75
Q

Hernia

A

Complete rupture through the wall

76
Q

Stenosis

A

Is a narrowing of a lumen

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