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APHYS 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components (4)

A

Bones
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments

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2
Q

Functions (5)

A 
Body Support 
Organ Protection
Body movement
Mineral Storage
Blood cell production
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3
Q

Ligaments

A

The connective tissue that holds bones together

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4
Q

Tendon

A

Strong bands of connective tissue that attach to bones

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5
Q

What minerals are stored in the bones? (2)

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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6
Q

What other tissue is stored in bone cavities?

A

Adipose - used as a source of energy if needed

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7
Q

Types of cartilage (3)

A

Hylanine cartalige
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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8
Q

Hyaline Cartliage as related to. bone (2)

A
  1. Most bones in body start out as hyaline cartilage model

2. Bone growth and repair begin with hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Immature hyaline cartilage cells

produce a matrix surrounding themselves

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10
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature chondroblasts with a matrix around it

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11
Q

Lacuna

A

The space occupied by a chondrocyte

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12
Q

What makes up the chondrocyte matrix? (2)

A

Collagen - for strength

Proteoglycans - trap water to make cartilage resilient

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13
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • a protective connective tissue that covers cartilage

- Blood vessels and nerves penetrate the outer layer of the perichondrium but do not enter the cartilage matrix

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14
Q

Cartilage gets nutrients by

A

Diffusion in cartilage matrix

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15
Q

Layers of perichondrium

A

Outer - dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts

inner layer - delicate, fewer fibers, contains condroblasts

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Does not have perichondrium, blood, or nerves.

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17
Q

Types of cartilage growth

A

appositional

interstitial

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18
Q

Appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of existing cartilage

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19
Q

Interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes in the center of tissue divide and add more matrix in-between existing cells

20
Q

Bone Matrix composition

A

35% organic - collagen and proteoglycans

65% inorganic material - calcium phosphate crystal hydroxyapatite

21
Q

Functional characteristics of bone (2)

as compared to reinforced concrete

A

Flexible strength - collagen (steel bars)

Weight-bearing strength - mineral components (concrete)

22
Q

Bone cells (3)

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

23
Q

Osteoblasts

What they do, what differentiates them, and what 2 things do they produce?

A

Bone-forming
Extensive endoplasmic reticulum; numerous ribosomes
Produce collagen and proteoglycans
Derived from osteochondral progenitor cells

24
Q

Matrix vesicles

A

Released by Osteoblasts

high concentrations of Ca2+ and Po43-

25
Q

Ossification

What is it & how does it grow?

A

formation of new bone by osteoblasts

Appositional growth

26
Q

Osteocytes

A

An osteoblast that has secreted enough bone matrix to become surrounded by it
Relatively inactive
Retain connection to other osteocytes through cell extensions
Derived from osteoblasts

27
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces without matrix but occupied by osteocyte

28
Q

Canaliculi

A

Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell extension

29
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-destroying cells
Reabsorb (breakdown) bone to get Ca2+ and phosphate ions (send the Ca2+ back to the blood)
Multi-nucleated
Derived form stem cells in red bone marrows

30
Q

Ruffled border

A

Highly folded, differentiated cell membrane of the osteoclast

31
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Brittle Bone disorder

Mutations the make defective type I collagen

32
Q

Type 1 OI

A

Type 1 OI > mild, most common. Caused by too little formation of normal type 1 collagen
- predisposed to fracture, spinal curvature, loose joins, brittle teeth, hearing loss, blue tint to the white of eyes

33
Q

Type 2 OI

A

Most severe
Lethal within the first week of life
BReathing failure due to rib fractures

34
Q

Type 3 OI

A

Bones that fracture easily, before and during birth

35
Q

Osteochondral progenitor cells

A

Stem cells that can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts

Located in the inner layer of the perichondrium

36
Q

When does ossification occur?

A

In a fetus
When growing
When repairing a fracture

37
Q

Woven bone

A

The first type of bone formed
Weak
Collagen fibers randomly oriented in many directions

38
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Mature bone

Collagen fibers lie parallel to one another

39
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of lamellar bone

40
Q

Spongy bone

A

Appears porous, has less bone matrix, and more space

41
Q

Compact bone

A

more bone matrix and less space

42
Q

Trabeculae

A

Interconnecting rodes/ plate of the bone in spongy bone
Between the rods are bone marrow and blood vessels
No blood vessels penetrate trabeculae, so osteocytes must get nutrients through canaliculi

43
Q

Osteon

A

The functional unit of a long bone, compact bone

Made of concentric rings of matrix

44
Q

Central canal

A

Center of the “target” of the osteon

Where blood vessels enter the bone

45
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

circular layers of bone matrix that surround central canal

46
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Thin plates that extend around the bone

47
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Between osteons

Remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were removed during bone remodeling

APHYS 1 (49 decks)

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