Joints Flashcards
Structural classifications of joints (3)
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Functional categories of joints (3)
Synathroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (Freely movable)
Fibrous joints
Two bones united by fibrous connective tissue.
No joint cavity; little to no movement
3 classes of fibrous joint
Sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
Sutures
Seams found only between bones of skull
Sutural ligament
Two layers of periosteum plus dense fibrous connective tissues in a suture
Fontanel
Membranous joint area in newborn
Synotosis
A fully ossified suture
two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone
Syndesmoses
Slightly movable type of fibrous joint
Bones are further apart than a suture and are joined by ligaments
EG - radioulnar syndesmosis
Gomphoses
Specialized joints of pegs that fit into sockets; held in place by collagenous connective tissue
Only ones in the human body are between teeth and sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae
Periodontal ligaments
Connective tissue bundles between teeth and sockets
allow “give” to teeth during mastication
Also allows tooth realignment with braces
Gingivitis
inflammation of the gingiva (gums) caused by bacterial infection
can spread to tooth socket and cause loss of tooth
Cartilaginous joints (2)
Unite two bones by cartilage
Connection can be hyaline or fibrocartilage
Synchondrosis
Joints with hyaline cartilage
Little or no movement occurs
Most synchondroses are temporary
Joint type of epiphyseal plates
synchondroses
Symphysis
Fibrocartilage uniting two bones
Eg - manubrium and body of sternum, symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks
Slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Fluid joints that allow considerable movement between articulating bones
Articular cartilage
Covers surfaces of bones within synovial joints
Provides smooth surfaces where the bones meet
Articular disk / Meniscus
flat pad of fibrocartilage that lies between articular cartilages of bones
Joints with menisci
Knee
Writes
Meniscus
A type of articular disk
Only partially spans synovial cavity, creating an opening in the center
Joint capsule - purpose & two layers
Purpose - surround joint cavity to hold bones together and allow for movement Fibrous capsule (outer layer) and inner synovial membrane (inner layer)
Fibrous capsule
the outer layer of the joint capsule
Dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with the fibrous later of periosteum
Synovial membrane
the inner layer of the joint capsule
produce synovial fluid
Fat pad
adipose tissue between the fibrous capsule and synovial membrane to protect articular cartilage
Found in elbow and knee
Synovial fluid composition
polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells from the blood fluid
Bursa
A pocket or sac where the synovial membrane extends
Bursitis
Inflammation of teh bursa - can cause pain around joint and restrict movement
6 Types of synovial joints
plane saddle hinge pivot ball-and-socket ellipsoid
3 types of movement at synovial joints
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Plane joint - definition, type of movement, example
(gliding joint) - two flat bone surfaces where a gliding motion can occur
Uniaxial
EG - articular processes between vertebrae
Rheumatoid arthritis
connective tissue disorder
the joint capsule is thickened and destroys articular cartilage
Saddle joint - definition, type of movement, example
saddle-shaped surfaces @ right angles
Biaxial
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Hinge joint - definition, type of movement, example
Confex cylinder applied to concavity in other bone
Uniaxial
Elbow and knee
Pivot joint - definition, type of movement, example
The movement to rotation around a single axis
Uniaxial
Head of the radius and the proximal end of ulna; dens process and atlas
Ball-and-socket joint - definition, type of movement, example
Head of one bone (ball) and socket in adjacent bone
Multiaxial
Shoulder and Hip
Ellipsoid joint - definition, type of movement, example
Modified ball and socket joint. Heads are ellipsoid in shape instead of spherical
Biaxial
Antlantoociptal joint of the neck
