Sensory areas of the cerebral cortext

Question 1

Primary somatic sensory corext

Answer 1

general sensory area
pain, pressure, temperature > received from thalamus
Occupie most of postecentral gyrus

Question 2

Homunculus

Answer 2

Organization of the nerve distributions related to each part of the body. Most enfior is head and most superior is feet. Remember the weird illustration?

Question 3

Gate-Control theory of pain control

Answer 3

Dorsal-column/medial lemniscal can suppress pain signals from the spinothalamic tract

Can explain why massage, electrical stim, acupuncture, massage, and exercise might reduce intensity of chronic pain

Question 4

Referred pain

Answer 4

painful sensaiton in a region fo the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus

often occurs as pain in skin when internal organs are dmaaged or inflamed due to innervation that project to the same area of cerebral cortext

Question 5

Phantom pain

Answer 5

occures in amputations or removed appendages

Question 6

Chronic pain

Answer 6

long lasting pain

May be associated with anger, Depression, etc. from chronic pain syndrome

Question 7

What can cause chronic pain?

Answer 7

May originate with acute pain form an injury or for no reason. The thalamus and cerebrum may become “dampened” and thus increase the perception of pain

Question 8

Peripheral sensitizaion

Answer 8

Tissue damage in one area cna cause increased sensitivity in the other area

Question 9

Central sensitization

Answer 9

when tthe CNS responsds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold

Question 10

Other primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 10

Taste area > insula
olfactory cortex > intferior surface of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex > superior part of temporal lobe
Visual cortex > occiptal lobe

Question 11

Association areas

Answer 11

coritcal areas immediately adjacent to the primary sensory areas

serve to process and recognize information from the primary somatic sensory area

Question 12

involuntary movements v. voluntary movements

Answer 12

involuntary > spinal cord and brainstem

voluntary> consciously activated, but after the’re learned they become automatic. controlled by primary motor cortex

Question 13

Voluntary movements depend on

Answer 13

Upper and lower motor neurons
Upper > connect the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons
Lower > connect upper motor neurons to skeletal muscles

Question 14

Steps toward voluntary movement

Answer 14

1. Cerebral cortex plans, coordinates, and executes movements
2. Upper motor neurons are stimulated
3. Axons of upper motor neurons form descending tracts, which stimulate lower motor neurons, which stimulate skeletal muscles contraction

Question 15

Premtor area

Answer 15

staging area to organize motor functions

Question 16

Prefrontal area

Answer 16

controls motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements. well developed in humans and primates; regulates emotional behavior and mood

Question 17

ALS (Amyotropic lateral sclerosis) Lou Gehrig disease

Answer 17

Selective destrcution of the upper and lower motor neurons

Lose muscle control for standing, walking, using hands, eventually breathing, but cognitive function remains unimpaired

May be caused by a mutation in the the DNA coding for the enzyme superoide dismutase, which elimatinates free radicals from the body

Question 18

Two groups of descending motor tracts

Answer 18

Direct pathways > maintain muscle tone, control speed, and precision
Indirect pathways > less precise motor functions

Question 19

Corticospinal tract

Answer 19

Controls movements below the head

Question 20

corticobulbar tract

Answer 20

movement of head and neck

Question 21

INdirect pathways

Answer 21

do not directly synapse with lower motor neurons; the first synapse in the brainstem

Question 22

Vestibulospinal tractts

Answer 22

extensor muscles in the trunk and lower limbs

Question 23

Reticulospinal tract

Answer 23

trunk and upper land lower limb muscles

Question 24

tectospinal tract

Answer 24

controls the reflex movement of the head to bright lights, noises, and rapid movements

Question 25

Basal nuclei

Answer 25

important in planning, organizing, and coordinating motor movements and posture

Parkinson a cerebral palsy are basal nuclei disorders

Question 26

3 parts of Cerebellum

Answer 26

vestibulocerebellum > helps control balance, posture, and eye movement
spinocerebellum > fine motor coordination
cerebrocerebellum. > highly coordinated, specialized movement (piano, baseball bat)

Question 27

Cerebllar dysfunction reuslts

Answer 27

1) decreased muscle tone, balance impairment, overshoot when touching an object, intention tremor 9shaking in hands when you perform a task)