Muscle gross anatomy

Question 1

Two points of attachment of each muscle to bone

Answer 1

Origin & insertion

Question 2

Origin / fixed end

Answer 2

Most staionary, proximal end of muscles.

Muscles can have more than one origin

Question 3

Head

Answer 3

In the case of multiple origins, each origin is called the head

Question 4

Insertion / mobile end

Answer 4

the distal end fo the muscle attached to the bone being pulled toward the other bone of the joint

Question 5

The belly

Answer 5

The part o fthe muscle between the origin and insertion

Question 6

Tendons

Answer 6

connect muscle to the bone at the attachment point

Question 7

Action

Answer 7

the specific body movement a muscle contraction causes

Question 8

Agonists and antagonists pairs

Answer 8

Groups of muscles studied together.

Agonists’ actions are opposed by the antagonists’ action

Question 9

Synergists

Answer 9

muscles that function together in groups to perform a specific movement

EG - deltoid, biceps, and pectoralis major > help flex shoulder

Question 10

Prime mover

Answer 10

The muscle that contributes most to the movement in a group of synergists

Question 11

Shapes of muscles

Answer 11

1) classify the type of movement a muscle can make

2) shape is determined by the arrangement of a muscle’s fascicles

Question 12

5 Shapes of muscles

Answer 12

Circular
Convergent
Parallel
Pennate
Fusiform

Question 13

Circular muscles

Answer 13

Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening; act as sphincters

Eg - muscles around the eye (orbicularis oculi)

Question 14

Convergent muscles

Answer 14

fascicles that join at one common tendon from a wide area

Creates a triangular muscle shape

Eg - pectoralis muscles of the chest

Question 15

Parallel muscles

Answer 15

Fascicles organized parallel to the long axis of muscle; terminate on a flat tendon that spans the width of the entire muscle

Eg - hyoid muscles

Question 16

Pennate muscles

Answer 16

Fascicles that emerge like barbs on a feather from a common tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Unipennate > fascicles on one side of the tendon

Bipennate > fascicles arranged on two sides of the tendon

Multipennate > fascicles arranged at many places around a tendon

Eg - knee muscles are multipennate.

Question 17

Fusiform muscles

Answer 17

fascicles run the length of the entire muscle and taper at each end to terminate at tendons. Wider belly.

Eg - forearm

Question 18

7 characteristics of a muscle name

Answer 18

1) location
2) size (maximus, minimus, longus, brevis)
3) shape (deltoid - triangular, quadratus (rectangular), teres (round))
4) orientation (rectus - straight, parallel) (oblique - fascicles lie at angle)
5) origin and insertion
6) Number of heads biceps, triceps
7) function (abductors, adductors)

Question 19

Class 1 lever

Answer 19

Fulcrum between the pull adn the weight.

Eg - head and neck

Question 20

Class 2 lever

Answer 20

Weight bewteen the fulcrum adn pull

Few examples in body - Opening the mandible

Question 21

Class 3 lever

Answer 21

Most common type in the body
The pull is between the fulcrum and the weight. Eg - shovel.

Biceps flexing.

Question 22

Salpingopharyngeous

Answer 22

works with the palatopharyngeus to swallow food; also opens auditory tube

Question 23

Laryngospasm

Answer 23

tetanic contraction of muscles that narrows the opening of the larynx. Affects speech dn breathing.

Can develop from allergies, tetanus infections, o rhypocalcemia