Science terms after reading quiz

Question 1

tapers into strong tendons that fasten the biceps to the scapula above and to the radius below

Answer 1

fascia

Question 2

extend the length of the muscle cell

Answer 2

myofibrils

Question 3

give skeletal muscle its banded, or striated, appearance

Answer 3

sarcomeres

Question 4

The point at which a motor neuron connects to a muscle cell

Answer 4

neuromuscular junction

Question 5

. A motor neuron and the group of muscle cells it controls

Answer 5

motor unit

Question 6

When a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract, it does so completely and then relaxes completely until another nerve impulse reaches it.

Answer 6

all-or-none principle

Question 7

Enlargement of muscles through use

Answer 7

hypertrophy

Question 8

Muscle degeneration

Answer 8

atrophy

Question 9

Muscle fibers that contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin

Answer 9

red fibers

Question 10

muscle fibers containing fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin

Answer 10

white fibers

Question 11

total awareness of body movements

Answer 11

muscle sense

Question 12

includes the brain and the spinal cord, which are both encased in bone for protection

Answer 12

central nervous system

Question 13

principle organ of the nervous system

Answer 13

brain

Question 14

a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity

Answer 14

spinal cord

Question 15

he spinal cord and brain are covered by a triple layer
of protective tissues known as the what

Answer 15

meninges

Question 16

one of the strongest tissues of the body, serves primarily as a flexible protective layer

Answer 16

dura meter

Question 17

composed of thin fibers, like the fibers of a spider’s web, that form an intricate three­dimensional network around the brain

Answer 17

arachnoid mater

Question 18

circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, cushioning the brain when you bump your head

Answer 18

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 19

forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 19

pia mater

Question 20

support and insulate nerve tissue

Answer 20

glial cells

Question 21

the actual nerve cells

Answer 21

neurons

Question 22

, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body

Answer 22

dendrite

Question 23

a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

Answer 23

axon

Question 24

found within the brain and spinal
cord consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is gray because the cell bodies lack the white, specialized covering known as myelin [

Answer 24

gray matter

Question 25

is com­posed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content.

Answer 25

white matter

Question 26

is com­posed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content.

Answer 26

ganglia

Question 27

, a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region

Answer 27

plexus

Question 28

A group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

Answer 28

nerve center

Question 29

Neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals

Answer 29

sensory neurons

Question 30

. Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body

Answer 30

motor neurons

Question 31

are found only in the central nervous system, relay signals between neurons or groups of neurons and are responsible for the processing of information by the brain, like the logic circuits of a computer.

Answer 31

Interneurons

Question 32

protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick.

Answer 32

blood-brain barrier

Question 33

, the blood­brain barrier must open slightly to allow additional white blood cells to squeeze through and fight the invaders, causing inflammation and swelling inside the skull.

Answer 33

meningitis

Question 34

a state of pro­longed unconsciousness

Answer 34

coma

Question 35

bundles of nerve fibers (axons) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body

Answer 35

nerves

Question 36

nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers

Answer 36

mixed nerves

Question 37

carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis

Answer 37

sensory nerve fiber

Question 38

carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs

Answer 38

motor nerve fibers

Question 39

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

Answer 39

autonomic nervous system

Question 40

generally responds to your body’s needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase, thus supplying more blood to your body so that you can respond quickly

Answer 40

sympathetic divison

Question 41

acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division

Answer 41

parasympathetic division

Question 42

controls the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand, is representative of how all peripheral nerves are designed

Answer 42

median nerve

Question 43

h produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insulation on an elec­trical wire

Answer 43

Schwann cells

Question 44

occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for nerve cell axons

Answer 44

Multiple sclerosis

Question 45

the inability of the muscles to move

Answer 45

paralysis

Question 46

propagated by fast ­acting, voltage­ sensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing sodium and potassium ions to briefly flow into and out of the cell

Answer 46

action potential,

Question 47

an enclosed junction between two neu­rons or a neuron and another cell

Answer 47

synapse

Question 48

a powerful poison that is responsi­ble for the most deadly type of food poisoning

Answer 48

botulinum toxin

Question 49

The simplest act of the nervous system

Answer 49

reflex

Question 50

the upper part of the brain, coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors.

Answer 50

cerebrum

Question 51

, the lower part of the brain, helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

Answer 51

cerebellum

Question 52

the part that connects to the spinal cord, controls the involuntary muscles and activi­ties of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 52

brain stem

Question 53

two halves of the brain

Answer 53

hemispheres

Question 54

The two hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers called the what

Answer 54

corpus callosum

Question 55

the outer layer of the cerebrum

Answer 55

cerebral cortex

Question 56

The convlutions of each of the cerebral hemispheres are divided by grooves into various regions called what

Answer 56

lobes

Question 57

associated with personality, judgment, and self­ control.

Answer 57

frontal lobes

Question 58

They analyze the senses on their re­spective sides of the body to allow us to feel sensations such as temperature, pressure, and pain and to make judgments about such things as shape and texture.

Answer 58

parietal lobes

Question 59

he sense of vision is interpreted by what lobes

Answer 59

occipital lobes

Question 60

re associated with the senses of hearing, taste, and smell.

Answer 60

temporal lobes

Question 61

Damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth

Answer 61

cerebral palsy

Question 62

is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord Because of its location, all nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord must pass through it, consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Answer 62

brain system

Question 63

contains nerve centers that monitor and regu­late breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and other vital body functions such as swallowing; it also is responsible for triggering you to sneeze.

Answer 63

medulla oblongata

Question 64

assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing; it also helps coordinate some eye movements and facial expressions.

Answer 64

pons

Question 65

help coordinate the movements of both eyes, adjust the size of the pupils in response to light, and operate the lens muscles to focus the eyes on the object of your attention.

Answer 65

midbrain

Question 66

most important function is serving as the “master switch” of the cerebrum

Answer 66

reticular formation

Question 67

involved in coordinating the activity of the different parts of the brain; they also seem to be important in generating and regulating emotions and desires in coor­dination with incoming sensory information and the powers of reason in the cerebrum

Answer 67

limbic system

Question 68

acts like a switch­-board, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses from various parts of the body to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 68

thalamus

Question 69

the control unit for your body’s automatic systems

Answer 69

hypothalamus

Question 70

processes factual memories for storage

Answer 70

hippocampus

Question 71

helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories

Answer 71

amygdala

Question 72

complete hearing loss

Answer 72

sensorineural deafness

Question 73

degeneration and inflammation of nerves

Answer 73

neuritis