Ch 4 biology Flashcards
The principal parts of a green plant
leaves,stems,and roots
designed to absorb necessary nutrients from the soil and to anchor the plant to the soil
roots
parts of the stem that allow it to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves
Buds
large bud at the end of the twig
terminal bud
protect the bud in winter from frost injury and from drying out
bud scales
indicate where last year’s growth started
bud-scale scars
areas where leaves are growing or have grown
nodes
section of the twig between nodes
internode
openings in the bark that allow air to enter the stem, providing a means of respiration
lenticles
grow in length at the tips of their branches
primary growth
two types of leave branching
spire-like and spreading
woody stem is divided into what
the bark, the wood, and the pith
. Between the bark and the wood is a thin layer of slimy material.
vascular cambium
provides protection for the stem and helps transport food throughout the plant
bark
arries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots
phloem
The innermost layer of the bark
phloem
conduct food throughout the plant
sieve tubes
strengthen the phloem tissue
companion cells
he strong, resilient inner section of a woody stem
wood
cellulouse walls are stiffined by what
lignin
the tissues that conduct sap upward from the roots to the leaves
xylem
cone-bearing trees
conifiers
simple system of water-conducting cells
tracheids
special tubes lined with resin-producing cells
resin ducts
packed loosely together and function mostly as water storage cells
pith cells
considerably larger than tracheids
vessels
center of a young woody stem
pith
wood that produces sap
sapwood
older, inner wood
heartwood
As can be expected, the production of new wood leads to an increase in the thickness of the tree trunk; this growth in width
secondary growth
Periods of faster and slower growth result in distinct layers of xylem
growth rings
growth rings combining create what
grain
the xylem and phloem in a herbacious stem combign to make what
vascular bundles
the tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded
cortex
The outer covering of a monocot stem
rind
When a new plant starts to grow from a stem, leaf, or root what has taken place
vegetative reproduction
reproduction without gametes
asexual reproduction
When a person uses vegetative reproductive
methods to start a new plant from a root, stem, or leaf, the process is what
vegetative propagation
a piece of a stem or root
that can grow into a new plant
a cutting
roots that grow from an unexpected region of the plant, such as from a stem or leaf
adventitious roots
takes advantage of
the fact that certain plants will sprout adventitious roots, and it provides the same advantages as the use of cuttings
Layering
the process of transplanting
living tissue from one plant to another
grafting
kind of grafting in which the
scion is a bud
budding
branch, which is to be grafted onto a stem growing on another tree
scion
The tree that receives the new stem in grafting
stock
allows seedlings to be produced from individual plant cells grown in the laboratory.
tissue culturing
growth responses for plants
tropism
the 4 tropisms
phototropism,geotropism,hydrotropism,and thigmotropism
made up of a special stem and leaves designed to store food.
bulb
having a thicker stem and thinner leaves than a bulb
corms
Thick stems that grow horizontally under
the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction
rhizomes
special stems that grow quickly along the surface of the ground
stolons
stem contacts a surface such as a fence or wall, hormones stimulate cells on the opposite side of the stem to grow more rapidly than cells on the contact side of the stem, causing the stem to wrap itself around the object
tendrils
underground stems that are designed to store food for the plant
tuber
structures that greatly increase the water-absorbing surface area of the root
root hairs
root’s food-storage region
root cortex
contains xylem tissues, which carry water to the stem, and phloem tissues, which carry food back to the root
central vascular cylinder
the main growing region of the root
apical meristem
cell division takes place, adding new cells to increase the root’s length
meristimatic region
cells increase in length, pushing the root further into the soil
region of elongation
cells organize into the vascular cylinder
maturation region
p protects the tender root tip as it pushes its way through the soil
root cap
do not
develop from buds but from the central vascular cylinder of a root
lateral roots
certain substances are allowed to pass through the membrane
permiable
