resp 7 neural pathways

Question 1

where is breathing initiated

Answer 1

medulla

dorsal&ventral&pontine resp. group

Question 2

where is breathing modified

Answer 2

higher structures in CNA, chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor inputs

Question 3

what kind of neurons are in the ventral respiratory group

Answer 3

PreBötC

pFRG

Question 4

what do the PreBötC do

Answer 4

generate excitatory inspiratory rhythmic activiry

Question 5

what do the pFRG do

Answer 5

generate excitatory ACTIVE expiratory rhythmic activity

Question 6

what must neuronal networks adjust to accomodate (4 things)

Answer 6

metabolic demands (Pco2, H+…)
mechanical conditions (posture)
non-ventilatory behavious (cough)
diseases

Question 7

what do the rostral VRG PreBötC inervate

Answer 7

phrenic & thoracic, diaphragm and ext. intercostal muscles

Question 8

what do the rostral VRG & parahypoglossal PreBötC inervate

Answer 8

cranial motor neurons in medulla

tongue and upper airway muscle

Question 9

what does pFRG caudal VRF innervate

Answer 9

thoracic and lumbar

int. intercostal and ab muscles

Question 10

what can PreBötC depression cause

Answer 10

respiratory depression

Question 11

which three conditions increase ventilation (chemical control)

Answer 11

Hypoxia (low PO2), hypercapnia (high PCO2), and acidosis (low pH in blood)

Question 12

what are chemoreceptors

Answer 12

specialized structures that sense changes in PO2,PCO2 and pH

Question 13

what do carotid and aortic bodies detect

Answer 13

hypoxia (low Po2) and pH changes

Question 14

carotid bodies have similar Po2, Pco2 and pH as

Answer 14

the systemic arteries

Question 15

what does the carotid body’s high profusion allow them to do

Answer 15

detect levels of po2 pco2

Question 16

what are carotid bodies type 1/ glomus cells do

Answer 16

chemosensitive

Question 17

what are carotid bodies type 2/ sustentacular cells

Answer 17

support the carotid body

Question 18

when do carotid body chemoreceptors fire the most

Answer 18

when arterial Po2 is low

Question 19

why are carotid bodies kinda like neurons

Answer 19

they have voltage gated ion channels that can depolarize, and they have neurotransmitters

Question 20

when do stimulation of peripheral chemireceptors occur

Answer 20

low PO2 values, like under 60mmHg

Question 21

where do peripheral chemireceptors activate with hypoxia

what does it cause

Answer 21

dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons in medulla

increase tidal volume and respiratory rate

Question 22

does arterial Pco2 or Po2 cause a larger response in regulation

Answer 22

pco2!!

very small changes in pco2 have much larger effects on ventilation change

Question 23

where in the brainstem are the central chemoreceptors

Answer 23

ventral

close contact to blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 24

what do the central chemoreceptors detect

Answer 24

changes in pH

which leads them to infer Pco2

Question 25

what is hypoxia

Answer 25

low Po2

Question 26

what is hypercapnia

Answer 26

high CO2

Question 27

what is acidosis

Answer 27

low pH in blood

Question 28

which chemoreceptors are responsible for most of the response to hypercapnia

Answer 28

central chemoreceptors (response to increase H+ in brain extracellular fluid)

Question 29

does H+ change in metabolic acidosis mostly stimulate peripheral or central and why

Answer 29

peripheral because H+ doesn’t pass the blood brain barrier