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Physiology > reproduction - 1 men > Flashcards

reproduction - 1 men Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the seminiferous tubules

A

produce spern

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2
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin

A

puberty

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3
Q

what is the role of leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

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4
Q

what is the role of sertoli cells

A

support sperm development

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5
Q

what are myoid cells

A

smooth muscles that do peristalsis to propel sperm

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6
Q

what is the blood testis barrier

A

tight junctions between the luminal and basal compartment

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7
Q

which cells are the epithelial cells

A

sertoli cells

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8
Q

which cells are the interstitial cells

A

leydig cells

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9
Q

what is the trophic role of sertoli cells

A

support sperm development

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10
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete (3)

A
  • luminal fluid for sperm housing
  • androgen binding protein
  • inhibin
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11
Q

what do androgen binding proteins do (2)

A

buffer androgens and help maintain steady [androgens] in lumen

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12
Q

which hormones are sertoli cells a target for

A

testosterone and FSH

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13
Q

what is inhibin

A

hormone of negative feedback loop for FSH

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14
Q

who secretes inhibin

A

sertoli cells

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15
Q

where is old and damaged sperm phagocytized

A

sertoli cells

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16
Q

where is the site of immunosupression

A

sertoli cells (blood testis barrier)

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17
Q

what are 2 roles of the gonads

A

production of sperms and hormones

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18
Q

what is the role of the scrotum

A

temperature regulation

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19
Q

what are 2 roles of the epididymis

A

maturation of sperm

storage site for sperm

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20
Q

what are 2 roles of the vas deferens

A

channel

storage site for sperm

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21
Q

what is the role of the accessory sex glands

A

production of seminal fluid

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22
Q

what is the precursor for steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

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23
Q

is progesterone found in males or females

A

both

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24
Q

are corticosteroids slow or fast acting

A

slow

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25
Q

which cells are under influence of LH

A

leydig cells

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26
Q

what causes the descent of the testes

A

high levels of testosterone

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27
Q

when do the testes descent

A

7 months (before birth)

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28
Q

is testosterone or adrenal androgens more potent

A

testosterone

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29
Q

what are 4 fates of testosterone

A

-stays as T
-becomes E
becomes inactive
-becomes DHT

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30
Q

what does DHT do

A

helps with maintaing healthy prostate gland

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31
Q

how potent is DHT

A

very

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32
Q

what stage in life are men able to reproduce

A

puberty

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33
Q

how many peaks of testosterone through a mens life & when

A
  • 2nd trimester
  • neonatal (differentiation)
  • puberty (descends till death)
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34
Q

where is GnRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

where does GnRH act

A

anterior pituitary

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36
Q

where is LH produced

A

anterior pituitary

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37
Q

what causes LH production

A

GnRH acting at the anterior pituitary

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38
Q

what causes FSH production

A

GnRH acting at the anterior pituitary

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39
Q

where is FSH produced

A

anterior pituitary

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40
Q

where does LH act

A

leydig cells

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41
Q

where does FSH act

A

sertoli cells

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42
Q

what happens when LH activates leydig cells

A

testosterone is released

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43
Q

what causes 2ary male sexual characteristics

A

testosterone release from leydig cells

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44
Q

where can testosterone negative feedback

A

on anterior pituitary (desensitive to GnRH) and hypothalamus

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45
Q

what was the patten of GnRH release before puberty

A

slow and steady release

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46
Q

what was the patten of GnRH release in puberty

A

major pulses with higher amplitude and frequency

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47
Q

what is an anabolic effect of androgens

A

promote protein synthesis in skeletal muscles

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48
Q

what do androgens do to spermatogenesis

A

stimulate

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49
Q

what do androgens do to 2ary characteristics

A

promote

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50
Q

what do androgens do to sex drive

A

increase

51
Q

what do androgens do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

52
Q

what do androgens do to erythropoietin

A

testosterone increases it (men have more RBC than women)

53
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubule

54
Q

how long does it take from meiosis 1 until you have spermatozoa

A

64 days

55
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis in spermatogenesis

A

ensures continous supply of spermatogonia

56
Q

what are spermatogonia

A

the ones going through mitosis and differentiation

57
Q

what happens to chromosome number in meiosis in spermatogenesis

A

chromosome number becomes half

58
Q

what is differentiation and packaging in spermatogenesis

A

specialization for transport and delivery of proper genetic material

59
Q

where does spermatogenesis start (where are spermatogonia)

A

in the basement membrane

60
Q

which direction does spermatogenesis continue

A

towards the lumen

61
Q

where does spermatogenesis happen (specific)

A

between the space between adjacent sertoli cells

62
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

how spermatid develop into a complete spermatozooa

63
Q

what is the difference with spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

A

spermiogenesis is the last step of spermatogenesis

64
Q

how long does spermiogenesis take

A

24 days

65
Q

what happens in spermiogenesis

A

structural changes, it sheds cytoplasm, gets tail, makes a mitochondrial spiral

66
Q

what are the three structures in the sperm

A

head
midpiece
tail

67
Q

what is in the head of the sperm

A

nucleus and chromosomes

acrosome

68
Q

what are acrosomes

A

enzymes that are necessary for fertilization

69
Q

what is in the midpiece of the sperm

A

mitochrondia - energy source

70
Q

what is in the tail of the sperm

A

what makes the wavelike(not mature) and whiplike(fully mature) movements

71
Q

what is the name of the sperm after spermiogenesis

A

spermatozoa

72
Q

what happens to the spermatozoa after they are made

A

they are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and stay immotile for 20 days

73
Q

what causes the sperm to move to the epididymis

A

pressure generated by the fluid secreted from sertoli cells

74
Q

how long do sperm stay in the epididymis

A

6-12 days

75
Q

what happens to sperm in the epididymis (2)

A

aquire wave-like movement/motility

-fluid is reabsorbed to concentrate sperm

76
Q

how do sperm move into vas deferens

A

peristalsis

77
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulates gametogenesis

78
Q

what does LH do

A

stimulates androgen secretion

79
Q

who creates the pulse generation of GnRH

A

the hypothalamus

80
Q

where does GnRH act

A

anterior pituitary

81
Q

what two hormones are released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH

A

LH and FSH

82
Q

how do sertoli cells do negative feedback

A

release inhibin onto the anterior pituitary

83
Q

can inhibin act on the hypothalamus

A

no

84
Q

can testosterone act on the hypothalamus

A

Yes

85
Q

how do leydig cells do negative feedback

A

release testosterone which acts on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

86
Q

what is the frequency of pulses of GnRH in men

A

90 mins

87
Q

does testosterone act on sertoli cells

A

yes and it causes a secretion of paracrine factors that stimulate spermatogenesis

88
Q

what happens when testosterone and FSH act on sertoli cells

A

they secrete paracrine factors that stimulate spermatogenesis

89
Q

what kind of a hormone is FSH LH and TSH

A

glycoproteins

90
Q

how does the prostate gland release its secretions

A

it has tiny holes that gives out its secretion

91
Q

what are the 3 functions of seminal fluid

A

dilution of sperm
fructose for energy
make semen clot

92
Q

what % of semen volume is seminal fluid

A

60%

93
Q

what makes the semen clot

A

semenogelin is a protein

94
Q

what is the point of a semen clot

A

to help deposit semen into the female tract

95
Q

sperm + seminal fluid = ?

A

semen

96
Q

what do the seminal vesicles secrete

A

alkaline fluid witth fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins

97
Q

what do the prostaglandins from the seminal vesicle cause

A

they stimulate uterine contractions

98
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete

A

citrate and enzymes (PSA)

99
Q

what is PSA

A

prostate specific androgen - antioxidant to help sperm survive and to dissolve the clot so sperm can swim away freeeeely

100
Q

where is PSA released from

A

prostate gland

101
Q

what does high levels of PSA mean

A

either prostate cancer or a benign growth

102
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands secrete

A

viscous fluid with mucus

103
Q

what nervous system does erection

A

parasympathetic

104
Q

what nervous system does emission

A

sympathetic nervous system

105
Q

how does the nervous system do emission

A

sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscles of the ducts

106
Q

what kind of nervous system is involved in ejaculation

A

somatic nervous system control

107
Q

what happens after the parasympathetic nerve is activated (erection pathway)

A

increased nitric oxide

108
Q

what happens after nitrric oxide in increased

A

increase cGMP

109
Q

where does nitric oxide and cGMP act

A

on smooth muscle

110
Q

what happens with increased cGMP

A

vasodilation, increased blood flow and erection

111
Q

how is cGMP broken down

A

by phosphodiesterase

112
Q

what does cGMP break down into

A

inactive product (doesnt make erection)

113
Q

what does sildenafil do

A

it inhibits phosphodiesterase so then cGMP remains to keep erection

114
Q

what causes erections to stop in men (unwanted)

A

cGMP is broken down by phosphodiesterase

115
Q

what accounts for the low number of sperm to reach the site of fertilization

A

high acidity and not all of them have enough energy

116
Q

what is capacitation

A

changes in sperm head and tail

117
Q

why must sperm go through capacitation

A

sperm must go through this to be able to fertilize

118
Q

what happens to the head in capacitation

A

destabilization of sperm surface membrane

119
Q

what happens to the tail in capacitation

A

wavelength movement becomes a whiplike movement

120
Q

when does the acrosome reaction happen

A

after capacitation

121
Q

what happens in the acrosome reaction

A

the membrane opens up and releases the acrosomal enzymes

122
Q

how many sperm are produced per day

A

30 000 000 sperm/day

123
Q

which hormone works on the male internal genitalia before birth

A

testosterone

124
Q

which hormone works on the male external genitalia before birth

A

DHT

Physiology (32 decks)

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