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Physiology > reproduction 2 - women > Flashcards

reproduction 2 - women Flashcards

1
Q

what hormone starts the follicles to grow each month

A

FSH

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2
Q

what hormones do growing follicles secrete

A

E

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3
Q

what is menarch

A

the onset of puberty

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4
Q

what is menstruation

A

the female reproduction system cycles

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5
Q

what is menopause

A

females losing ability to reproduce

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6
Q

what are the ovaries

A

site of ova maturation

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7
Q

what consists of the ovaries

A

connective tissue with follicles

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8
Q

are the ovaries connected to the fallopian tubes

A

no

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9
Q

are the ovaries part of the reproductive tract

A

no, they are not connected to the fallopian tubes

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10
Q

what is the role of the fallopian tubes

A

transport ova from ovaries to uterus

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11
Q

what is the role of the infundibulum and fimbriae

A

pick up the released ovum

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12
Q

how do ovum move through the uterine tube

A

initially peristaltic contractions, then through cilia

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13
Q

how long does it take for the ova to get to the uterus

A

4 days

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14
Q

where is the site of fertilization

A

in the uterine tube

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15
Q

what is the perimetrium

A

the outer layer of the uterus

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16
Q

what is the perimetrium composed of

A

epithelial cells and connective tissue

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17
Q

what is the myometrium

A

middle layer of the uterus

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18
Q

what is the myometrium composed of

A

smooth layer

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19
Q

what is the endometrium

A

inner layer of the uterus

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20
Q

what is the myometrium composed of

A

layer of epitheliail cells, connective tissue, glands

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21
Q

which layer is the thickest

A

the myometrium

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22
Q

which layer secretes secretions

A

endometrium

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23
Q

which layer changes every cycle

A

endometrium

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24
Q

which layer is under endocrine and pituitary axis control

A

endometrium

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25
Q

what composes the birth canal

A

cervix+vagina

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26
Q

what is the technical name for the female gamete

A

oocyte

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27
Q

what is oogenesis

A

the production or development of an ovum.

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28
Q

when does oogensis occur

A

in fetal life, stops at 7months of gestational period

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29
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A

the maturation of an ovarian follicle

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30
Q

what is a corpus luteum

A

a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun

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31
Q

what is a graafian follicle

A

a fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation (mature)

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32
Q

which days (numbers) is the follicular phase

A

day 1 to 14

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33
Q

which days (numbers) is the luteal phase

A

day 14-28

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34
Q

is the luteal or follicular the constant phase?

A

the luteal phase

the follicular phase is the one that can vary

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35
Q

which days (numbers) is the menstrual phase

A

1-5

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36
Q

which days (numbers) is the proliferative phase

A

day 5-14

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37
Q

which days (numbers) is the secretory phase

A

day 14-28

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38
Q

which days (numbers) is the estrogenic phase

A

day 1-14

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39
Q

which days (numbers) is the progestational phase

A

day 14-28

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40
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase

A

endometrium is growing

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41
Q

what happens in the secretory phase (what is secreted)

A

secretes glycogen

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42
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone

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43
Q

what do the follicles secrete

A

estrogen

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44
Q

what does each follicle contain

A

1 oocyte (primary stage)

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45
Q

what is a primordial follicle and what is it composed of

A

the most immature stage

single layer of specialized epithelial cells

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46
Q

what happens to the primordial follicle

A

the single follicle divides to become more than one layer - GRANULOSA CELLS

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47
Q

what are granulosa cells

A

surround the oocyte and multiply

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48
Q

what is in the primordial follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells

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49
Q

what is in the primary follicle

A

fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida and 1 layer of granulosa cells

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50
Q

what is in the preantral follicle

A

fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells and one external layer of early theca

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51
Q

what is in the early antral follicle

A

fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells, theca and antrum

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52
Q

what is in the mature follicle

A

large antrum with the oocyte, zona pellucida, thick granulosa and theca

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53
Q

who releases the antral fluid

A

the granulosa cells

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54
Q

what are the 5 stages in follicle growth

A

primordial, primary, preantral, early antral, and mature follicle

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55
Q

how many early antral follicles are selected each cycle for maturation

A

10-25

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56
Q

what does the bridge do in the mature follicle

A

connects the oocyte and granulosa cells

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57
Q

what kind of follicles do you have up until the 7th month of pregnancy

A

primordial follicles

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58
Q

what kind of follicles do you from the 7th month of pregnancy until puberty

A

mostly primary and preantral follicles

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59
Q

what does the corpus luteum do in pregnancy

A

maintain it

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60
Q

what triggers loss of corpus luteum functions

A

absense of implanted embryo

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61
Q

what is a graafian follicle

A

a mature follicle

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62
Q

what is the name of the follicle once it leaves its oocyte

A

corpus luteu,

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63
Q

what is the corpus albicans

A

degenerating corpus luteum

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64
Q

what does FSH do to granulosa cells

A

causes the mitotic effects

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65
Q

which hormone causes the mitotic effects of granulosa cells

A

FSH

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66
Q

what does aromastase do

A

turns androgens into estreogen

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67
Q

what does FSH dot o aromastase

A

increases its synthesis and activity in granulosa cells

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68
Q

which follicular cells cells have LH receptors

A

Theca cells

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69
Q

what does LH do to fecal cells

A

stimulates them to secrete androgens

70
Q

where do androgens get converted into estrogen

A

in granulosa cells

71
Q

which follicular cells cells have FSH receptors

A

granulosa cells

72
Q

what causes the dominant follicle to be chosen

A

the estrogen secretion rise

73
Q

where is the zona pellucida

A

between the granulosa cells and the oocyte

74
Q

which days is the early to mid follicular phase

A

day 1-7

75
Q

which types of follicles in early to mid follicular phase

A

primary or preantral phase

76
Q

which cells have progesterone receptors

A

uterine endometrial cells

77
Q

where does estrogen go after it is made in the granulosa cells

A

to the blood or antrum

78
Q

what receptor gets added onto the granulosa cell in the late follicular phase

A

LH receptors

79
Q

what happens to FSH levels in late follicular phase and why (2)

A

decline due to negative feedback

AND inhibin is secreted from granulosa cells

80
Q

which days is the late follicular stage

A

7-14

81
Q

what kind of feedback does progesterone do and where

A

negative to ant. pit, and hypothalamus

82
Q

what kind of feedback does estrogen do and where

A

negative and positive to ant. pit, and hypothalamus

83
Q

what is the pulse generator frequency for females

A

change over 24h in over the course of the menstrual cycle

84
Q

when does mitosis start in females

A

in the first 2 months of embryonic life

85
Q

when does meiosis 1 start in females

A

in fetal life until 7 months of fetal life

86
Q

when is the 1st meiotic division completed in the dominant follicle

A

just prior to ovulation

87
Q

when is meiosis 2 completed

A

after fertilization

88
Q

what happens to the 2 oogonia when it splits in mitosis

A

one continues (arrest until puberty) and one dies off

89
Q

what happens to polar bodies in meiosis

A

they generate

90
Q

what is the main difference with oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

o: 1 egg made
s: 4 sperm made

91
Q

what kind of oocytes are they all at birth

A

primary ooctyes (primary and secondary follicles)

92
Q

what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation before birth

A

not required

93
Q

what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation after birth

A

sexual maturation at puberty and 2ary sexual characteristics

94
Q

what kind of feedback does inhibin do and to where

A

negative feedback on FSH

95
Q

what makes up the follicular phase

A

menstrual and proliferative phase

96
Q

which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the follicular phase

A

estrogenic, menstrual and proliferative

97
Q

which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the luteal phase

A

progestation and secretory phase

98
Q

what are the phases in the ovarian cycle + dates

A

follicular and luteal

1-14-27

99
Q

what are the phases in the uterine cycle + dates

A

menstrual, proliferative phase, secretory

1-5-14-28

100
Q

what are the phases in the hormonal cycle + dates

A

estreogen, progestation

1-14-28

101
Q

which day does one follicle become dominant

A

7

102
Q

when does LH surge

A

12-18hr before ovulation

103
Q

what is atresia

A

death (of other follicles)

104
Q

what produces the first peak in estrogen

A

dominant follicle

105
Q

what causes a slight rise in progesterone right before ovulation

A

negative inhibition on LH and FSH

106
Q

what causes the switch from negative to positive feedback of estrogen

A

high levels of estrogen for 36hours

107
Q

what causes the plateau of LH and FSH in the follicular phase

A

negative feedback by estrogen

108
Q

what causes a dip in FSH before its peak before ovulation

A

inhibin

109
Q

what main hormone is required for ovulation

A

LH

110
Q

what causes the high peak of LH and FSH right before ovulation

A

such a high level of estrogen causes this (+ feedback)

111
Q

why is LH much higher peak than FSH

A

FSH affected by inhibin

112
Q

what causes the rise in estrogen before

A

follicular growth

113
Q

why is less FSH and LH made when estrogen rises

A

-ve feedback
because we dont need as much LH and FSH (it was needed to help develop the follicles but now estrogen is being made, so they are developping)

114
Q

what is the role of inhibin

A

inhibit FSH

115
Q

what is the point of the luteul phase

A

develop corpus luteum

116
Q

what are the products of the corpus luteum and which is made more in the luteal phase

A

progesterone and estrogen, more progesterone

117
Q

what causes estrogen and progesterone to decrease at the end of the leteal phase

A

corpus luteum degeneration

118
Q

what causes FSH and LH to decrease initially in the luteal phase

A

due to negative feedback from estrogen and progesterone

119
Q

what causes FSH and LH to increase later in the luteal phase

A

when estrogen and progesterone drop

120
Q

what causes the negative initial feedback of LH and FSH in the follicular phase

A

low plasma levels of estrogen

121
Q

how many days between the two estrogen peaks in luteul phase

A

10 days

122
Q

besides inhibin, what else causes a decrease in FSH before ovulation

A

atresia of other follicles

123
Q

which follicle becomes the dominant one? how does the body choose? does size matter?

A

size doesnt matter, its just the follicle that becomes the most receptive to FSH that produces a high amount of estrogen

124
Q

what is the hormonal trigger of the menstrual phase

A

decreased estrogens and progesterone

125
Q

what causes the decreased estrogens and progesterone of the menstrual phase

A

corpus luteum degeneration

126
Q

what hormone dominantly controls the proliferative phase

A

estrogen

127
Q

what happens in the uterus and blood flow to tissue in the menstrual phase

A

shed uterine lining

decrease blood flow to tissues, they die

128
Q

what happens in the uterus in the proliferative phase

A

endometrial lining grows, endometrial glands enlarge, smooth muscle thickens

129
Q

what is the point of the proliferative phase

A

uterus prepares for fertilized egg

130
Q

what type of mucous is secreted in the proliferative phase

A

thin and slightly acidic mucous

131
Q

which hormone stimulates the development of the uterine lining

A

estrogen

132
Q

which days are the proliferative phase

A

5-14

133
Q

what happens to the myometrium in the proliferative phase

A

it thickens a bit too

134
Q

what is the role of the secretory phase

A

endometrium is prepared for implantation

135
Q

what type of mucous is secreted in the secretory phase

why

A

sticky to form a plug

to prevent more sperm from entering (if already pregnant, dont need more)

136
Q

what happens to blood flow and glands in the secretory phase

A

increase blood flow and the glands enlarge

137
Q

what do the glands release in the secretory phase

A

glycogen rich fluids

138
Q

what is the main hormone in the secretory phase

A

progesterone (and estrogen too but less_

139
Q

when does the secretory phase happen

A

following ovulation

140
Q

what does estrogen and progesterone do to body temperature

A

increase

141
Q

what does estrogen do to follicular growth

A

increase

142
Q

what does estrogen do to E P FSH and LH receptors

A

increase

143
Q

what does progesterone do to E receptors

A

decrease

144
Q

what does progesterone do to FSH induces E production

A

decrease

145
Q

what does estrogen do to fallopian tube growth, contractility, cilia action and secretions

A

increase

146
Q

what does progesterone do to fallopian tube contractility, cilia number and secretions

A

decrease

147
Q

what does estrogen do to endometrium and myometrium growth and blood flow

A

increase

148
Q

what does estrogen do to contractility of uterus

A

increase

149
Q

what does estrogen do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus

A

increase

150
Q

what does progesterone do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus

A

decrease

151
Q

what does progesterone do to contractility of uterus

A

decrease

152
Q

what does progesterone do to endometrial secretions

A

increase

153
Q

what kind of hormone makes sperm friendly mucus

A

estrogen

154
Q

what kind of hormone makes sperm unfriendly mucus

A

progesterone

155
Q

what is sperm friendly mucus like

A

abundant watery and alkaline

156
Q

what is sperm unfriendly mucus like

A

not much, viscous

157
Q

what is cornification of epitheliam

A

keritinization of epithelial cells making it more rough

158
Q

what does estrogen do to the vagina

A

proliferation and cornification of epithelium

159
Q

what does progesterone do to the vagina

A

decreased cornification, WBC infiltration

160
Q

what 3 things does estrogen do to breats

A

more duct growth, fat deposiztion, bigger size and pigmentation of areol

161
Q

what does progesterone do to breasts

A

increase alveolar growth

162
Q

which female cell is similar to the male sertoli cells

A

granulosa cells

163
Q

which female cell is similar to the male leydig cells

A

thecal cells

164
Q

which hormone causes the growth of new follicles each month

A

FSH

165
Q

what do growing follicles secrete

A

estrogen

166
Q

what causes FSH levels to fall

A

negative feedback from estrogen and inhibin

167
Q

what causes the surge of LH

A

positive feedback of LH

168
Q

what causes P and E levels to fall after ovulation (after their peak)

A

corpus luteum dying

169
Q

what causes P and E levels to rise right after ovulation

A

corpus luteum secretes it

170
Q

what causes LH and FSH levels to fall right after ovulation

A

negative feedback from P and E levels rising

171
Q

which hormone maintains the corpus luteum if pregnant

A

hCG

172
Q

what levels of hormone dont fall if pregnant

A

E and P

Physiology (32 decks)

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