reproduction 2 - women Flashcards
what hormone starts the follicles to grow each month
FSH
what hormones do growing follicles secrete
E
what is menarch
the onset of puberty
what is menstruation
the female reproduction system cycles
what is menopause
females losing ability to reproduce
what are the ovaries
site of ova maturation
what consists of the ovaries
connective tissue with follicles
are the ovaries connected to the fallopian tubes
no
are the ovaries part of the reproductive tract
no, they are not connected to the fallopian tubes
what is the role of the fallopian tubes
transport ova from ovaries to uterus
what is the role of the infundibulum and fimbriae
pick up the released ovum
how do ovum move through the uterine tube
initially peristaltic contractions, then through cilia
how long does it take for the ova to get to the uterus
4 days
where is the site of fertilization
in the uterine tube
what is the perimetrium
the outer layer of the uterus
what is the perimetrium composed of
epithelial cells and connective tissue
what is the myometrium
middle layer of the uterus
what is the myometrium composed of
smooth layer
what is the endometrium
inner layer of the uterus
what is the myometrium composed of
layer of epitheliail cells, connective tissue, glands
which layer is the thickest
the myometrium
which layer secretes secretions
endometrium
which layer changes every cycle
endometrium
which layer is under endocrine and pituitary axis control
endometrium
what composes the birth canal
cervix+vagina
what is the technical name for the female gamete
oocyte
what is oogenesis
the production or development of an ovum.
when does oogensis occur
in fetal life, stops at 7months of gestational period
what is folliculogenesis
the maturation of an ovarian follicle
what is a corpus luteum
a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
what is a graafian follicle
a fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation (mature)
which days (numbers) is the follicular phase
day 1 to 14
which days (numbers) is the luteal phase
day 14-28
is the luteal or follicular the constant phase?
the luteal phase
the follicular phase is the one that can vary
which days (numbers) is the menstrual phase
1-5
which days (numbers) is the proliferative phase
day 5-14
which days (numbers) is the secretory phase
day 14-28
which days (numbers) is the estrogenic phase
day 1-14
which days (numbers) is the progestational phase
day 14-28
what happens in the proliferative phase
endometrium is growing
what happens in the secretory phase (what is secreted)
secretes glycogen
what does the corpus luteum secrete
progesterone
what do the follicles secrete
estrogen
what does each follicle contain
1 oocyte (primary stage)
what is a primordial follicle and what is it composed of
the most immature stage
single layer of specialized epithelial cells
what happens to the primordial follicle
the single follicle divides to become more than one layer - GRANULOSA CELLS
what are granulosa cells
surround the oocyte and multiply
what is in the primordial follicle
oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells
what is in the primary follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida and 1 layer of granulosa cells
what is in the preantral follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells and one external layer of early theca
what is in the early antral follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells, theca and antrum
what is in the mature follicle
large antrum with the oocyte, zona pellucida, thick granulosa and theca
who releases the antral fluid
the granulosa cells
what are the 5 stages in follicle growth
primordial, primary, preantral, early antral, and mature follicle
how many early antral follicles are selected each cycle for maturation
10-25
what does the bridge do in the mature follicle
connects the oocyte and granulosa cells
what kind of follicles do you have up until the 7th month of pregnancy
primordial follicles
what kind of follicles do you from the 7th month of pregnancy until puberty
mostly primary and preantral follicles
what does the corpus luteum do in pregnancy
maintain it
what triggers loss of corpus luteum functions
absense of implanted embryo
what is a graafian follicle
a mature follicle
what is the name of the follicle once it leaves its oocyte
corpus luteu,
what is the corpus albicans
degenerating corpus luteum
what does FSH do to granulosa cells
causes the mitotic effects
which hormone causes the mitotic effects of granulosa cells
FSH
what does aromastase do
turns androgens into estreogen
what does FSH dot o aromastase
increases its synthesis and activity in granulosa cells
which follicular cells cells have LH receptors
Theca cells
what does LH do to fecal cells
stimulates them to secrete androgens
where do androgens get converted into estrogen
in granulosa cells
which follicular cells cells have FSH receptors
granulosa cells
what causes the dominant follicle to be chosen
the estrogen secretion rise
where is the zona pellucida
between the granulosa cells and the oocyte
which days is the early to mid follicular phase
day 1-7
which types of follicles in early to mid follicular phase
primary or preantral phase
which cells have progesterone receptors
uterine endometrial cells
where does estrogen go after it is made in the granulosa cells
to the blood or antrum
what receptor gets added onto the granulosa cell in the late follicular phase
LH receptors
what happens to FSH levels in late follicular phase and why (2)
decline due to negative feedback
AND inhibin is secreted from granulosa cells
which days is the late follicular stage
7-14
what kind of feedback does progesterone do and where
negative to ant. pit, and hypothalamus
what kind of feedback does estrogen do and where
negative and positive to ant. pit, and hypothalamus
what is the pulse generator frequency for females
change over 24h in over the course of the menstrual cycle
when does mitosis start in females
in the first 2 months of embryonic life
when does meiosis 1 start in females
in fetal life until 7 months of fetal life
when is the 1st meiotic division completed in the dominant follicle
just prior to ovulation
when is meiosis 2 completed
after fertilization
what happens to the 2 oogonia when it splits in mitosis
one continues (arrest until puberty) and one dies off
what happens to polar bodies in meiosis
they generate
what is the main difference with oogenesis and spermatogenesis
o: 1 egg made
s: 4 sperm made
what kind of oocytes are they all at birth
primary ooctyes (primary and secondary follicles)
what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation before birth
not required
what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation after birth
sexual maturation at puberty and 2ary sexual characteristics
what kind of feedback does inhibin do and to where
negative feedback on FSH
what makes up the follicular phase
menstrual and proliferative phase
which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the follicular phase
estrogenic, menstrual and proliferative
which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the luteal phase
progestation and secretory phase
what are the phases in the ovarian cycle + dates
follicular and luteal
1-14-27
what are the phases in the uterine cycle + dates
menstrual, proliferative phase, secretory
1-5-14-28
what are the phases in the hormonal cycle + dates
estreogen, progestation
1-14-28
which day does one follicle become dominant
7
when does LH surge
12-18hr before ovulation
what is atresia
death (of other follicles)
what produces the first peak in estrogen
dominant follicle
what causes a slight rise in progesterone right before ovulation
negative inhibition on LH and FSH
what causes the switch from negative to positive feedback of estrogen
high levels of estrogen for 36hours
what causes the plateau of LH and FSH in the follicular phase
negative feedback by estrogen
what causes a dip in FSH before its peak before ovulation
inhibin
what main hormone is required for ovulation
LH
what causes the high peak of LH and FSH right before ovulation
such a high level of estrogen causes this (+ feedback)
why is LH much higher peak than FSH
FSH affected by inhibin
what causes the rise in estrogen before
follicular growth
why is less FSH and LH made when estrogen rises
-ve feedback
because we dont need as much LH and FSH (it was needed to help develop the follicles but now estrogen is being made, so they are developping)
what is the role of inhibin
inhibit FSH
what is the point of the luteul phase
develop corpus luteum
what are the products of the corpus luteum and which is made more in the luteal phase
progesterone and estrogen, more progesterone
what causes estrogen and progesterone to decrease at the end of the leteal phase
corpus luteum degeneration
what causes FSH and LH to decrease initially in the luteal phase
due to negative feedback from estrogen and progesterone
what causes FSH and LH to increase later in the luteal phase
when estrogen and progesterone drop
what causes the negative initial feedback of LH and FSH in the follicular phase
low plasma levels of estrogen
how many days between the two estrogen peaks in luteul phase
10 days
besides inhibin, what else causes a decrease in FSH before ovulation
atresia of other follicles
which follicle becomes the dominant one? how does the body choose? does size matter?
size doesnt matter, its just the follicle that becomes the most receptive to FSH that produces a high amount of estrogen
what is the hormonal trigger of the menstrual phase
decreased estrogens and progesterone
what causes the decreased estrogens and progesterone of the menstrual phase
corpus luteum degeneration
what hormone dominantly controls the proliferative phase
estrogen
what happens in the uterus and blood flow to tissue in the menstrual phase
shed uterine lining
decrease blood flow to tissues, they die
what happens in the uterus in the proliferative phase
endometrial lining grows, endometrial glands enlarge, smooth muscle thickens
what is the point of the proliferative phase
uterus prepares for fertilized egg
what type of mucous is secreted in the proliferative phase
thin and slightly acidic mucous
which hormone stimulates the development of the uterine lining
estrogen
which days are the proliferative phase
5-14
what happens to the myometrium in the proliferative phase
it thickens a bit too
what is the role of the secretory phase
endometrium is prepared for implantation
what type of mucous is secreted in the secretory phase
why
sticky to form a plug
to prevent more sperm from entering (if already pregnant, dont need more)
what happens to blood flow and glands in the secretory phase
increase blood flow and the glands enlarge
what do the glands release in the secretory phase
glycogen rich fluids
what is the main hormone in the secretory phase
progesterone (and estrogen too but less_
when does the secretory phase happen
following ovulation
what does estrogen and progesterone do to body temperature
increase
what does estrogen do to follicular growth
increase
what does estrogen do to E P FSH and LH receptors
increase
what does progesterone do to E receptors
decrease
what does progesterone do to FSH induces E production
decrease
what does estrogen do to fallopian tube growth, contractility, cilia action and secretions
increase
what does progesterone do to fallopian tube contractility, cilia number and secretions
decrease
what does estrogen do to endometrium and myometrium growth and blood flow
increase
what does estrogen do to contractility of uterus
increase
what does estrogen do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus
increase
what does progesterone do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus
decrease
what does progesterone do to contractility of uterus
decrease
what does progesterone do to endometrial secretions
increase
what kind of hormone makes sperm friendly mucus
estrogen
what kind of hormone makes sperm unfriendly mucus
progesterone
what is sperm friendly mucus like
abundant watery and alkaline
what is sperm unfriendly mucus like
not much, viscous
what is cornification of epitheliam
keritinization of epithelial cells making it more rough
what does estrogen do to the vagina
proliferation and cornification of epithelium
what does progesterone do to the vagina
decreased cornification, WBC infiltration
what 3 things does estrogen do to breats
more duct growth, fat deposiztion, bigger size and pigmentation of areol
what does progesterone do to breasts
increase alveolar growth
which female cell is similar to the male sertoli cells
granulosa cells
which female cell is similar to the male leydig cells
thecal cells
which hormone causes the growth of new follicles each month
FSH
what do growing follicles secrete
estrogen
what causes FSH levels to fall
negative feedback from estrogen and inhibin
what causes the surge of LH
positive feedback of LH
what causes P and E levels to fall after ovulation (after their peak)
corpus luteum dying
what causes P and E levels to rise right after ovulation
corpus luteum secretes it
what causes LH and FSH levels to fall right after ovulation
negative feedback from P and E levels rising
which hormone maintains the corpus luteum if pregnant
hCG
what levels of hormone dont fall if pregnant
E and P
