endocrine 3 - adrenal gland Flashcards
what are the three layers of the adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
where is aldosterone released
zona glomerulosa
where is cortisol and small amount of androgens released
zona fasciculata
where are androgens and small amounts of cortisol released
zona reticularis
what does the zona glomerulosa release
aldosterone
what does the zona reticularis release
androgens and small amounts of cortisol
what does the zona fasciculata release
cortisol and small amount of androgens released
where are mineralocorticoids released
zona glomerulosa
where are glucocorticoids released
zona fasciculata
where are androgen released
zona reticularis
what is an example of an androgen
DHEA and androtenedione
what do mineralocorticoids do
help with mineral balance
what do glucocorticoids do
manage glucose in body
who are androgens most profound for
females in puberty
what do androgens do for males
weaker but can be converted to testosterone
what is the precursor for progesterone
cholesterol
what is the precursor for aldosterone
progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)
what is the precursor for cortisol
progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)
what is the precursor for adrenal androgens
progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)
what is the precursor for mineralocorticoids
progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)
what is the precursor for glucocorticoids
progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)
what does aldosterone do to Na in the kindey
increasere absorption
what does aldosterone do to water in the kidney
increase reabsorption
what does aldosterone do to K+ in the kidney
increase in K+ secretion
what does aldosterone do to H+ in the kidney
increase in H+ secretion
what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in secretion
K+ and H+
what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in reabsorption
Na+ and H2O
where does aldosterone act in the nephron
medullary collecting duct cells
which channels does aldosterone affect
mostly the Na K ATPase and Na+ channel, also the K+ diffusion channel into the lumen
is aldosterone fast or slow acting and why
slow because its a steroid hormone
where is renin released
kidneys
what does renin do
convert angiotensinogen to angiotension 1
what does ACE do
convert angiotension 1 to angiotension 2
what two things causes aldosterone release
angiotension 2 and high K+ in ECF
which zona in the adrenal gland does angiotensin 2 work
zona glomerulosa
what role does ACTH play in aldosterone release
not a big one at all, it plays a role in cortical hormone release
what are the general functions of cortisol
affect the metabolism of glucose (glucocorticoid)
what is a major protective function of cortisol
protect the body under stress conditions
what does cortisol do with (nor)epinephrine
permissive action so they can exert control over vascular tone to maintain BP
what does cortisol do to blood glucose
increase
does cortisol increase or decrease glucose availability to CNS
increase
does cortisol increase or decrease glucose utilization by peripheral tissues
decrease (want high glu in plasma)
what does cortisol do to gluconeogenesis
increase
what does cortisol do to glycogen synthesis in the liver
increase
what does cortisol do to protein breakdown
increase (to make more glucose)
what does cortisol do to fat breakdown
increase (to make more glucose)
what does cortisol do to lymphocyte number
decrease
what does cortisol do to lymph node size
decrease
what does cortisol do to humural and cellular immunity
decrease
what does cortisol do to production of inflammatory substances
decrease
what does cortisol do to capillary permeability and neutrophil diapedesis
decrease
what does cortisol do to lysosome proteolytic content release
reduce
what does cortisol do to susceptibility to infection
increase
what does cortisol do to organs after transplantation
supress rejection
how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life
required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development
how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life
required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development
why is cortisol important in fetal development
because growth hormone doesnt affect the fetal stage
what causes Conn’s syndrome
too much aldosterone
what are the issues in conn’s syndrome? (ions and blood volume/pressure)
hypernatremia, increase ECF volume, increase BP, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
what causes addisons disease
too little aldosterone or too little cortisol
what are the issues in addisons disease involving aldosterone? (ions and blood volume/pressure)
too little aldosterone causing hypotension, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia
what are the issues in addisons disease involving cortisol? (molecules, appearance)
decrease blood glucose, increased skin pigmentation
what causes cushings disease
too much cortisol
what are the issues in cushings disease ? (molecules, appearance, immunity)
increased blood glucose, muscle wasting, moon face bufffalo hump, decreased resistance to infection)
what happens with too much adrenal androgens
virilization (masculinization) in females (doesnt affect males much)
what happens with too little adrenal androgens
reduced hair growth and reduced sexual response in females(doesnt affect males much)
what is the most common cause of cushing disease
pituitary tumor causing too much cortisol
what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system
pre is long
post is short
what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system
pre is short
post is long
what do the pre and post ganglions release in parasympathetic
ACH and ACH
what do the pre and post ganglions release in sympathetic
ACH and NE
what nerve innervates the chromaffin cells of the medulla
the splantic nerve
what does the splantic nerve allow the release of
NE and E
where are chromaffin cells
in the adrenal medulla
what do chromaffin cells release
NE and E
what are the precursors of noradrenaline
tyrosine, dopamine
what is the precursor to adrenaline
noradrenaline
is there more adrenaline or noradrenaline made in the adrenal gland
more adrenaline
which amino acid is required for NE and E synthesis
tyrosine
is the splanchnic nerve sym/para and pre/post
sympathetic preganglionic nerve
where does the splanchnic nerve originate and end
brainstem to adrenal medulla
what is the hormone of chronic stress
cortisol (made in cortex)
what are the hormones for acute stress
NE and E (medullary)
where are E and NE made
in the medulla
what hormones does the adrenal medulla make
E and NE
what does NE and E do to heart rate
increase
what does NE and E do to pupils
dilate pupils,
what does NE and E do to bronchioles
dilate
what does NE and E do to gut motility
reduce
what does NE and E do to force of heart contraction
increase
what does NE and E do to cardiac output
increase
what does NE and E do to blood pressure
increase
what does NE and E do to glycogenolysis
increases
what is glycogenolysis
break down of glycogen into glucose
what does NE and E do to lipolysis
increase
what does NE and E do to gluconeogenesis
increase
