endocrine 3 - adrenal gland Flashcards by Angelica J | Brainscape

Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

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Q

where is aldosterone released

A

zona glomerulosa

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Q

where is cortisol and small amount of androgens released

A

zona fasciculata

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Q

where are androgens and small amounts of cortisol released

A

zona reticularis

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Q

what does the zona glomerulosa release

A

aldosterone

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Q

what does the zona reticularis release

A

androgens and small amounts of cortisol

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Q

what does the zona fasciculata release

A

cortisol and small amount of androgens released

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Q

where are mineralocorticoids released

A

zona glomerulosa

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Q

where are glucocorticoids released

A

zona fasciculata

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Q

where are androgen released

A

zona reticularis

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Q

what is an example of an androgen

A

DHEA and androtenedione

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Q

what do mineralocorticoids do

A

help with mineral balance

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Q

what do glucocorticoids do

A

manage glucose in body

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Q

who are androgens most profound for

A

females in puberty

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Q

what do androgens do for males

A

weaker but can be converted to testosterone

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Q

what is the precursor for progesterone

A

cholesterol

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Q

what is the precursor for aldosterone

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for cortisol

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for adrenal androgens

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for mineralocorticoids

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for glucocorticoids

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what does aldosterone do to Na in the kindey

A

increasere absorption

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Q

what does aldosterone do to water in the kidney

A

increase reabsorption

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Q

what does aldosterone do to K+ in the kidney

A

increase in K+ secretion

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Q

what does aldosterone do to H+ in the kidney

A

increase in H+ secretion

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Q

what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in secretion

A

K+ and H+

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Q

what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in reabsorption

A

Na+ and H2O

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Q

where does aldosterone act in the nephron

A

medullary collecting duct cells

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Q

which channels does aldosterone affect

A

mostly the Na K ATPase and Na+ channel, also the K+ diffusion channel into the lumen

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Q

is aldosterone fast or slow acting and why

A

slow because its a steroid hormone

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Q

where is renin released

A

kidneys

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Q

what does renin do

A

convert angiotensinogen to angiotension 1

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Q

what does ACE do

A

convert angiotension 1 to angiotension 2

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Q

what two things causes aldosterone release

A

angiotension 2 and high K+ in ECF

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Q

which zona in the adrenal gland does angiotensin 2 work

A

zona glomerulosa

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Q

what role does ACTH play in aldosterone release

A

not a big one at all, it plays a role in cortical hormone release

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Q

what are the general functions of cortisol

A

affect the metabolism of glucose (glucocorticoid)

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Q

what is a major protective function of cortisol

A

protect the body under stress conditions

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Q

what does cortisol do with (nor)epinephrine

A

permissive action so they can exert control over vascular tone to maintain BP

Q

what does cortisol do to blood glucose

A

increase

Q

does cortisol increase or decrease glucose availability to CNS

A

increase

Q

does cortisol increase or decrease glucose utilization by peripheral tissues

A

decrease (want high glu in plasma)

Q

what does cortisol do to gluconeogenesis

A

increase

Q

what does cortisol do to glycogen synthesis in the liver

A

increase

Q

what does cortisol do to protein breakdown

A

increase (to make more glucose)

Q

what does cortisol do to fat breakdown

A

increase (to make more glucose)

Q

what does cortisol do to lymphocyte number

A

decrease

Q

what does cortisol do to lymph node size

A

decrease

Q

what does cortisol do to humural and cellular immunity

A

decrease

Q

what does cortisol do to production of inflammatory substances

A

decrease

Q

what does cortisol do to capillary permeability and neutrophil diapedesis

A

decrease

Q

what does cortisol do to lysosome proteolytic content release

A

reduce

Q

what does cortisol do to susceptibility to infection

A

increase

Q

what does cortisol do to organs after transplantation

A

supress rejection

Q

how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life

A

required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development

Q

how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life

A

required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development

Q

why is cortisol important in fetal development

A

because growth hormone doesnt affect the fetal stage

Q

what causes Conn’s syndrome

A

too much aldosterone

Q

what are the issues in conn’s syndrome? (ions and blood volume/pressure)

A

hypernatremia, increase ECF volume, increase BP, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

Q

what causes addisons disease

A

too little aldosterone or too little cortisol

Q

what are the issues in addisons disease involving aldosterone? (ions and blood volume/pressure)

A

too little aldosterone causing hypotension, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia

Q

what are the issues in addisons disease involving cortisol? (molecules, appearance)

A

decrease blood glucose, increased skin pigmentation

Q

what causes cushings disease

A

too much cortisol

Q

what are the issues in cushings disease ? (molecules, appearance, immunity)

A

increased blood glucose, muscle wasting, moon face bufffalo hump, decreased resistance to infection)

Q

what happens with too much adrenal androgens

A

virilization (masculinization) in females (doesnt affect males much)

Q

what happens with too little adrenal androgens

A

reduced hair growth and reduced sexual response in females(doesnt affect males much)

Q

what is the most common cause of cushing disease

A

pituitary tumor causing too much cortisol

Q

what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system

A

pre is long

post is short

Q

what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system

A

pre is short

post is long

Q

what do the pre and post ganglions release in parasympathetic

A

ACH and ACH

Q

what do the pre and post ganglions release in sympathetic

A

ACH and NE

Q

what nerve innervates the chromaffin cells of the medulla

A

the splantic nerve

Q

what does the splantic nerve allow the release of

A

NE and E

Q

where are chromaffin cells

A

in the adrenal medulla

Q

what do chromaffin cells release

A

NE and E

Q

what are the precursors of noradrenaline

A

tyrosine, dopamine

Q

what is the precursor to adrenaline

A

noradrenaline

Q

is there more adrenaline or noradrenaline made in the adrenal gland

A

more adrenaline

Q

which amino acid is required for NE and E synthesis

A

tyrosine

Q

is the splanchnic nerve sym/para and pre/post

A

sympathetic preganglionic nerve

Q

where does the splanchnic nerve originate and end

A

brainstem to adrenal medulla

Q

what is the hormone of chronic stress

A

cortisol (made in cortex)

Q

what are the hormones for acute stress

A

NE and E (medullary)

Q

where are E and NE made

A

in the medulla

Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla make

A

E and NE

Q

what does NE and E do to heart rate

A

increase

Q

what does NE and E do to pupils

A

dilate pupils,

Q

what does NE and E do to bronchioles

A

dilate

Q

what does NE and E do to gut motility

A

reduce

Q

what does NE and E do to force of heart contraction

A

increase

Q

what does NE and E do to cardiac output

A

increase

Q

what does NE and E do to blood pressure

A

increase

Q

what does NE and E do to glycogenolysis

A

increases

Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen into glucose

Q

what does NE and E do to lipolysis

A

increase

Q

what does NE and E do to gluconeogenesis

A

increase