endocrine 3 - adrenal gland Flashcards by Angelica J

Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

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Q

where is aldosterone released

A

zona glomerulosa

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Q

where is cortisol and small amount of androgens released

A

zona fasciculata

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Q

where are androgens and small amounts of cortisol released

A

zona reticularis

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Q

what does the zona glomerulosa release

A

aldosterone

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Q

what does the zona reticularis release

A

androgens and small amounts of cortisol

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Q

what does the zona fasciculata release

A

cortisol and small amount of androgens released

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Q

where are mineralocorticoids released

A

zona glomerulosa

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Q

where are glucocorticoids released

A

zona fasciculata

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Q

where are androgen released

A

zona reticularis

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Q

what is an example of an androgen

A

DHEA and androtenedione

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Q

what do mineralocorticoids do

A

help with mineral balance

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Q

what do glucocorticoids do

A

manage glucose in body

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Q

who are androgens most profound for

A

females in puberty

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Q

what do androgens do for males

A

weaker but can be converted to testosterone

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Q

what is the precursor for progesterone

A

cholesterol

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Q

what is the precursor for aldosterone

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for cortisol

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for adrenal androgens

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for mineralocorticoids

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what is the precursor for glucocorticoids

A

progesterone (cholesterol makes progesterone)

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Q

what does aldosterone do to Na in the kindey

A

increasere absorption

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Q

what does aldosterone do to water in the kidney

A

increase reabsorption

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Q

what does aldosterone do to K+ in the kidney

A

increase in K+ secretion

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what does aldosterone do to H+ in the kidney

increase in H+ secretion

what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in secretion

K+ and H+

what 2 things does aldosterone cause an increase in reabsorption

Na+ and H2O

where does aldosterone act in the nephron

medullary collecting duct cells

which channels does aldosterone affect

mostly the Na K ATPase and Na+ channel, also the K+ diffusion channel into the lumen

is aldosterone fast or slow acting and why

slow because its a steroid hormone

where is renin released

kidneys

what does renin do

convert angiotensinogen to angiotension 1

what does ACE do

convert angiotension 1 to angiotension 2

what two things causes aldosterone release

angiotension 2 and high K+ in ECF

which zona in the adrenal gland does angiotensin 2 work

zona glomerulosa

what role does ACTH play in aldosterone release

not a big one at all, it plays a role in cortical hormone release

what are the general functions of cortisol

affect the metabolism of glucose (glucocorticoid)

what is a major protective function of cortisol

protect the body under stress conditions

what does cortisol do with (nor)epinephrine

permissive action so they can exert control over vascular tone to maintain BP

what does cortisol do to blood glucose

increase

does cortisol increase or decrease glucose availability to CNS

increase

does cortisol increase or decrease glucose utilization by peripheral tissues

decrease (want high glu in plasma)

what does cortisol do to gluconeogenesis

increase

what does cortisol do to glycogen synthesis in the liver

increase

what does cortisol do to protein breakdown

increase (to make more glucose)

what does cortisol do to fat breakdown

increase (to make more glucose)

what does cortisol do to lymphocyte number

decrease

what does cortisol do to lymph node size

decrease

what does cortisol do to humural and cellular immunity

decrease

what does cortisol do to production of inflammatory substances

decrease

what does cortisol do to capillary permeability and neutrophil diapedesis

decrease

what does cortisol do to lysosome proteolytic content release

reduce

what does cortisol do to susceptibility to infection

increase

what does cortisol do to organs after transplantation

supress rejection

how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life

required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development

how does cortisol contribute in fetal and neonatal life

required for CNS, GIT, adrenal gland and lung development

why is cortisol important in fetal development

because growth hormone doesnt affect the fetal stage

what causes Conn's syndrome

too much aldosterone

what are the issues in conn's syndrome? (ions and blood volume/pressure)

hypernatremia, increase ECF volume, increase BP, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

what causes addisons disease

too little aldosterone or too little cortisol

what are the issues in addisons disease involving aldosterone? (ions and blood volume/pressure)

too little aldosterone causing hypotension, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia

what are the issues in addisons disease involving cortisol? (molecules, appearance)

decrease blood glucose, increased skin pigmentation

what causes cushings disease

too much cortisol

what are the issues in cushings disease ? (molecules, appearance, immunity)

increased blood glucose, muscle wasting, moon face bufffalo hump, decreased resistance to infection)

what happens with too much adrenal androgens

virilization (masculinization) in females (doesnt affect males much)

what happens with too little adrenal androgens

reduced hair growth and reduced sexual response in females(doesnt affect males much)

what is the most common cause of cushing disease

pituitary tumor causing too much cortisol

what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system

pre is long | post is short

what are the relative lengths of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system

pre is short | post is long

what do the pre and post ganglions release in parasympathetic

ACH and ACH

what do the pre and post ganglions release in sympathetic

ACH and NE

what nerve innervates the chromaffin cells of the medulla

the splantic nerve

what does the splantic nerve allow the release of

NE and E

where are chromaffin cells

in the adrenal medulla

what do chromaffin cells release

NE and E

what are the precursors of noradrenaline

tyrosine, dopamine

what is the precursor to adrenaline

noradrenaline

is there more adrenaline or noradrenaline made in the adrenal gland

more adrenaline

which amino acid is required for NE and E synthesis

tyrosine

is the splanchnic nerve sym/para and pre/post

sympathetic preganglionic nerve

where does the splanchnic nerve originate and end

brainstem to adrenal medulla

what is the hormone of chronic stress

cortisol (made in cortex)

what are the hormones for acute stress

NE and E (medullary)

where are E and NE made

in the medulla

what hormones does the adrenal medulla make

E and NE

what does NE and E do to heart rate

increase

what does NE and E do to pupils

dilate pupils,

what does NE and E do to bronchioles

dilate

what does NE and E do to gut motility

reduce

what does NE and E do to force of heart contraction

increase

what does NE and E do to cardiac output

increase

what does NE and E do to blood pressure

increase

what does NE and E do to glycogenolysis

increases

what is glycogenolysis

break down of glycogen into glucose

what does NE and E do to lipolysis

increase

what does NE and E do to gluconeogenesis

increase