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Physiology > reproduction 4 - sexual determination and differentiation > Flashcards

reproduction 4 - sexual determination and differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the jost paradigm

A

that the types of sex chromosomes determines sex, which determines gonads, which detemines the genital/phenotypic sex

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2
Q

when is chromosomal sex determined

A

at the exact moment of fertilization

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3
Q

how is gonadal sex determined

A

chromosomal sex

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4
Q

what causes the differentiation of bipotential gonads to become testes

A

SRY genes on Y chromosome

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5
Q

what does bipotential gonad mean

A

the structure can go either wat

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6
Q

what disorder is XXY

A

klinefelters syndrome

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7
Q

what happens in XXY to spermatogenesis

A

it is imparited

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8
Q

what causes the differentiation of bipotential gonads to become ovaries

A

the absense of the Y chromosome

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9
Q

what disorder is XO

A

turners syndrome

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10
Q

what are streak ovaries

A

much smaller ovaries with follicles embedded with connective tissue

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11
Q

what does MIH do

A

causes regression of the mullerian duct, thereby regression of female internal genetalia

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12
Q

do males have MIH

A

yes

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13
Q

where do males secrete MIH

A

the testes secrete it from sertoli cells

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14
Q

do females have MIH

A

no

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15
Q

where is testosterone secreted

A

leydig cells

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16
Q

what does testosterone cause the development of

A

male internal genetalia (seminal vesicle, testes, vas deferens, epididymis, and ejaculatory duct)

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17
Q

where does DHT come from

A

T is converted into DHT

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18
Q

what does DHT cause the development of

A

masculinazation of male penis+prostate gland + scrotal sac

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19
Q

which hormones causes the masculinazation of male external genetalia

A

DHT

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20
Q

which hormones causes the development of male internal genetalia

A

testosterone

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21
Q

what causes the development of the wolffian duct in females

A

absense of testosterone

22
Q

what causes the absence of masculinization of external genetelia in females

A

absense of DHT

23
Q

what causes the mullarian duct to grow into female internal genitalia

A

absense of MIH

24
Q

which sex has their differentiation happening by “default”

A

female

25
Q

do men have wolfian duct

A

yes

26
Q

do men have mullerian duct

A

no

27
Q

do women have mullerian duct

A

yes

28
Q

do women have wolfian duct

A

no

29
Q

what does the mullarian duct become

A

uterus, oviducts, etc

30
Q

what does the wolffian duct become

A

epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct

31
Q

when do the 3 peaks of testosterone happen

A

fetal (2nd trimester)
neonatal (before 1y/o)
puberty and declines till death

32
Q

what is genotype and phenotype of congenital adrenal hypoplasia

A

XX, ovaries, looks male

33
Q

what causes congenital adrenal hypoplasia

A

decreased cortisol ism ade b/c mutation –> HPA makes more ACTH (no -ve feedback from cortisol) –> cholesterol makes andreogens instead of cortisol –> causes masculinization of external genetalia

34
Q

are poeple with congenital adrenal hypoplasia fertile

A

nope

35
Q

what is the genotype and phenotype of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

XY, testes, outwardly looking female

36
Q

what causes androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

yes they have MIH so no female internal, but the cells on the Wolffian duct do not respond to T so no internal male structures
also the cells dont repond to DHT so by default they have external female structures

37
Q

are people with androgen insensitivity syndrome fertile

A

no

38
Q

what causes complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

mutation on androgen receptor

39
Q

what triggers the onset of puberty

A

increased GnRH which causes increased LH and FSH

40
Q

what is the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis like in young prepubertal children

A

dormant, very sensitive to negative feedback, low levels of GnRH, LH, FSH and sex steroids

41
Q

what causes the activation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis

A

kisspeptin

42
Q

what does kisspeptin do

A

postively activates the hypothalamus to released GnRH in pulses, then the ant. pit releases more LH and FSH to the gonads to make sex steroids

43
Q

why do chubby girls get puberty earlier

A

leptin causes the release of kisspeptin

44
Q

why do very athletic girls get puberty earlier

A

no fat so slower/ delayed release of kisspeptin

45
Q

what is climacteric

A

the phase before menopause where periods are becoming less frequent and regular

46
Q

what is menopause and what causes it

A

no more period because no more follicles

47
Q

what is andropause

A

less testosterone and spem production, linked to depression

48
Q

when do women reach perimenopause (how many follicles left)

A

1000

49
Q

what happens to responsiveness to gonadotropins in menopause and what does this cause

A

decreased responsiveness which causes decreased estrogen and inhibit release from granulosa cells

50
Q

what happens to FSH and LH in menopause and why

A

decrease E inhibin and P removes negative feedback on FSH(!) and LH, so they increase

51
Q

what happens to FSH:LH ratio in menopause

A

increase

less -ve feeback holding back both, FSH most affected

52
Q

what are some problems that may arise due to low estrogen

A

heart problems (E keeps heart healthy) and osteoperosis

Physiology (32 decks)

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