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Physiology > endocrine - 2 hypothalamus and pituitary > Flashcards

endocrine - 2 hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what is the infudibulum

A

pituitary stalk

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2
Q

what is the adnenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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3
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

posterioir pituiitary

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4
Q

what is the median eminence

A

part of the hypothalamus from which regulatory hormones are released, connect to the posterior pituitary

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5
Q

where do neurohormones have their affects

A

cells in the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

what is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

connects primary and secondary plexus

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7
Q

where does arterial blood ender

A

in the median eminence

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8
Q

where does blood go after entering the median eminence

A

into the primary plexus

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9
Q

where does blood go after entering the primary plexus

A

hypothalamic portal vessel

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10
Q

where does blood go after entering the hypothalamic portal vessel

A

secondary plexus

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11
Q

where is the primary plexus found

A

infundibulum / pituitary stalk

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12
Q

where is the secondary plexus found

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

where is ADH/vasopressin made and secreted

A

made in supraoptic nucleus (in the hypothalamus)

secreted from the posterior pituitary

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14
Q

are there endocrine cells in the posterior pituitary

A

no

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15
Q

where is oxytocin secreted

A

neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus

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16
Q

what are long neurosecretary cells

A

really long axons that originate in the hypothalamus and go all the way down to the posterior pituitary

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17
Q

what are the axons like starting in the hypothalamus and going to the anterior pituitary

A

short axon, neurohormone goes through blood(released in hypothalamus still into a vessel in hypothalamus), hits endocrine cells, then the endocrine cells release hormones to the target

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18
Q

what are the axons like starting in the hypothalamus and going to the posterior pituitary

A

much longer axons that release neurohormones directly into bloodstream to target (axon ends in the posterior pituitary)

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19
Q

where is FSH released from

A

anterior pituitary

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20
Q

where is Lh released from

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

where is ACTH released from

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

where is TSH released from

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

where is PRL released from

A

anterior pituitary

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24
Q

where is GH released from

A

anterior pituitary

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25
Q

what is PRL

A

prolactin

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26
Q

what is ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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27
Q

what is the main target of FSH

A

ovaries and testes

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28
Q

what is the main target of LH

A

ovaries and testes

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29
Q

what is the main target of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

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30
Q

what is the main target of TSH

A

thyroid gland

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31
Q

what is the main target of PRL

A

mammary gland

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32
Q

what is the main target of GH

A

most tissues, like bone

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33
Q

what family of hormone is FSH

A

protein

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34
Q

what family of hormone is LH

A

protein

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35
Q

what family of hormone is ACTH

A

protein

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36
Q

what family of hormone is TSH

A

protein

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37
Q

what family of hormone is PRL

A

protein

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38
Q

what family of hormone is GH

A

protein

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39
Q

which two of the anterior pituitary gland hormones are released by the same cell type

A

FSH and LH

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40
Q

what are the 6 anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

FSH LH ACTH TSH PRL GH

FLATPG

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41
Q

which hormones are the gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH

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42
Q

what are the 6 releasing hormones of the hypothalamus

A

GnRH CRH TRH GHRH GHIG/SS PIH (DA)

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43
Q

where is GnRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

where is CRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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45
Q

where is TRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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46
Q

where is GHRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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47
Q

where is GHIH/SS released from

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

where is PID/DA released from

A

hypothalamus

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49
Q

what is GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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50
Q

what is CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

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51
Q

what is TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

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52
Q

what is GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

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53
Q

what is SS

A

somatostatin

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54
Q

what is PIH

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone (DA)

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55
Q

what is the role of GnRH

A

increases LH and FSH secretion

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56
Q

what is the role of CRH

A

increases ACTH secretion

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57
Q

what is the role of TRH

A

increases TSH secretion

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58
Q

what is the role of GHRH

A

increases GH secretion

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59
Q

what is the role of GHIH

A

decreases GH secretion

60
Q

what is the role of SS

A

decreases GH secretion

61
Q

what is the role of PHIH/ DA

A

decreases PRL

62
Q

what family of hormone is GnRH

A

peptide

63
Q

what family of hormone is CRH

A

peptide

64
Q

what family of hormone is TRH

A

peptide

65
Q

what family of hormone is GHRH

A

peptide

66
Q

what family of hormone is GHIH

A

peptide

67
Q

what family of hormone is SS

A

peptide

68
Q

what family of hormone is PIH/DA

A

catecholamine (type of monoamine)

69
Q

what is the long loop feedback system of the hypothalamus pituitary target gland axis

A

target gland hormones give feedback to the level of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

70
Q

what is the short loop feedback system of the hypothalamus pituitary target gland axis

A

hormones from the anterior pituitary giving feedback to the hypothalamus

71
Q

which is the most abundant anterior pituitary hormone

A

GH

72
Q

what is the most of action of GH

A

acts on cell surface receptors and is associated with protein kinase activity (tyrosine kinase docking activity)

73
Q

when is GH secreted in the lifetime

A

always but AFTER birth (not in fetal stage)

most at sleep

74
Q

what is the secretion patten of GH

A

pulsatile, goes in “spurts”

75
Q

what does GH do to growth

A

increase

76
Q

where does most of the bone growth occur

A

epiphyseal growth plate

77
Q

what causes the growth plate to solidify

A

estrogen and testosterone as we get older

78
Q

how does GH affect bone

A

it works on the epiphyseal growth plate

79
Q

does GH work in vitro

why

A

no (out of body)

because other hormones also play a role in growth

80
Q

does GH work in vivo

A

yes (in body)

because other hormones also play a role in growth

81
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

progenitor cells

82
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells

83
Q

what is differentiation in bone growth

A

progenitor cells (fibroblasts) becoming cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

84
Q

what is proliferation in bone growth

A

cartilage cells (chondrocytes) making more cartilage cells

85
Q

what is ossification in bone growth

A

cartilage cells depositing calcium and phosphates to make new bone
less soft more hard

86
Q

what does IGF1 do in bone growth

A

it works like a growth factor, causes a lot of cell proliferation

87
Q

where and how does growth happen in bone

A

proliferation of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates

88
Q

what are the types of hormonal effects by IGF1 from chondrocytes

A

paracrine and autocrine

89
Q

besides chondrocytes, where else can IGF1 be released

how does it act then

A

by the liver, it acts like a typical hormone (not as much like the paracrine and autocrine from chondrocyte release)

90
Q

what is the direct action of GH in bone growth

A

work on target tissues, help with differentiation

91
Q

what is the indirect action of GH in bone growth

A

causes the release of IGF1 to also help with bone growth

92
Q

what does GH do to protein synthesis and growth

A

increase

93
Q

what does GH do to lipolysis and why

A

increase so there are free fatty acids for energy

94
Q

what does GH do to glucose uptake in cells and why

A

decreases it, it does not like having glucose in muscle, it wants free glucose do there can be growth

95
Q

what does insulin do to glucose uptake in cells and why

A

increases it, wants to lower blood glucose

96
Q

what does GH do to gluconeogenesis

A

increase

97
Q

what is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur

A

making new glucose in liver

98
Q

how does GH cause a hypoerglycemia/ diabetogenic like state

A

increases glucose in blood

99
Q

what does GH do to amino acid uptake into cell

A

increase

100
Q

what does GH do to protein synthesis

A

increase

101
Q

what does GH do to cell growth

A

increase cell size

102
Q

what does GH do to connective tissues

A

increases the number of cells in connective tissues

103
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increasing the number of cells in connective tissues (GH does this)

104
Q

what does GHRH do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

105
Q

what does somatostatin do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

106
Q

what does GH do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

107
Q

what does IGF1 do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

108
Q

what does hypoglycemia do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

109
Q

what does increase in amino acids in blood do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

110
Q

what does deep sleep do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

111
Q

what does acute stress do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

112
Q

what does exercise do to growth hormone secretion

A

increase

113
Q

what does hyperglycemia do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

114
Q

what does an increase in fatty acids do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

115
Q

what does prolonged malnutrition do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

116
Q

what does chronic stress do to growth hormone secretion

A

decrease

117
Q

what does GH do to IGF 1 secretion

A

increase

118
Q

what does GH do to SS secretion

A

increase

119
Q

what does IGF1 do to SS secretion

A

increase

120
Q

what does SS secretion do to GH secretion

A

decrease

121
Q

what does IGF1 do to GHRH secretion

A

decrease

122
Q

what does GH do to SS production

A

increase

123
Q

what does SS do to GH

A

decrease

124
Q

what causes gigantism

A

too much growth hormone in children

125
Q

what kind of growth happens in gigantism

A

linear/ proportionate growth

126
Q

what causes acromegaly

A

too much growth hormone in adults

127
Q

what kind of growth happens in acromegaly

A

thickening of bone, large hands and feet, jaw, coarse features
not growing in height

128
Q

what does too much GH do to metabolism in those diseases

A

associated with things like hyperglycermia

129
Q

what is dwarfism caused by

A

too little GHRH, GH or receptors

130
Q

what is Larons dwarfism

A

when the cells dont respond to GH

131
Q

what are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin

132
Q

where is ADH made

A

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

133
Q

where is oxytocin made

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

134
Q

what are the targets of ADH

A

kidney and blood vessels

135
Q

what are the targets of oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands

136
Q

what kind of hormone is ADH

A

peptide

137
Q

what kind of hormone is oxytocin

A

peptide

138
Q

what is the main role of ADH

A

puts in more AQP2 in the collecting duct

139
Q

what type of receptors notice an increase in osmolarity

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

140
Q

what type of receptors notice an decrease in blood pressure

A

baroreceptors in cardiovascular system

141
Q

what happens with too much ADH

A

increase water retention and blood volume

142
Q

what is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion SIADH

A

increase water retention and blood volume cause by too much ADH

143
Q

what is central diabetes insipidus and the symptoms

A

lack of ADH causing large volume of dilute urine

144
Q

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the symptoms

A

abnormal ADH receptors in collecting duct cells, do not respond to ADH, large volume of dilute urine

145
Q

what are the 2 effects of oxytocin

A

parturition and lactation

Physiology (32 decks)

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