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Physiology > endocrine 5 - parathyroid > Flashcards

endocrine 5 - parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

where is parathormone PTH release

A

chief cells of the parathyroid gland

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2
Q

where is calcitonin relreased

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid (between thyroid follicles)

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3
Q

what do the chief cells of the parathyroid gland release

A

parathormone

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4
Q

what does PTH do to [calcium] in the ECF

A

increase

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5
Q

what does PTH do to [phosphate] in the ECF

A

decrease

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6
Q

is there more free ionized calcium in the ECF or ICF

A

more ECF (extracellularly)

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7
Q

how many kg of calcium is in our body

A

1kg

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8
Q

what % of calcium is in our bones

A

99%

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9
Q

what % of calcium is in other tissues than bones

A

1%

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10
Q

how many mg of calcium is free

A

500mg

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11
Q

what is resorption

A

bone breakdown into blood

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12
Q

what does calcitonin do to bones

A

reduces calcium levels in the blood to increase it in bone

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13
Q

what does PTH do to bones

A

increases calcium levels in the blood to decreases it in bone

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14
Q

what are 4 roles of calcium

A

structural
blood coagulation
intracellular messenger
regulation of excitability

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15
Q

what are 3 roles of phosphate

A 
structural
metabolism (ATP, nucleic acids)
buffer (maintain pH balance)
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16
Q

when do you use phosphate as a buffer

A

when you deplete CO2 as a buffer

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17
Q

where is PTH released

A

parathyroid gland

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18
Q

where is calcitonin released

A

thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

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19
Q

where is active vitamin D released

A

kidneys

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20
Q

what is the target of PTH

A

bone (kidney and GIT indirectly)

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21
Q

what is the target of active vitamin D

A

GI tract

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22
Q

what is the target of calcitonin

A

kidneys (bone and GIT indirectly)

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23
Q

what is the role of osteoblasts

A

bone deposition by adding Ca2+

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24
Q

what is the role of osteoclasts

A

bone resorption, release of Ca2+ from bone

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25
Q

what are the 3 catogories of structures in bone and their relative weights

A

organic stuff (1/3), inorganic salts(2/3), bone cells(negligible)

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26
Q

what is the organic framework for bone

A

collagen type 1

27
Q

what is in the inorganic salt of bone

A

calcium phosphoate and hydroxyapatite

28
Q

what are the bone cells

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
oseoclasts

29
Q

how are osteocytes made

A

they are osteoblasts that are in the bone that they made (mature osteoblasts)

30
Q

what do osteoclasts look like

A

multi nucleated with ruffled borders, large, like a macrophage)

31
Q

what do osteoclasts release to dissolve bone

A

enzymes and H+

32
Q

when/why do osteoclasts start the cycle

A

with ruffled borders or slight damage/ rough edges

33
Q

what do osteoblasts do once osteoclasts do resorption of the bone

A

they lay done and secrete proteins like collagen and osteoid

34
Q

what is osteoid

A

the organic framework matrix of bone

35
Q

what signals vitamin D release

A

raised plasma parathyroid hormone PTH

36
Q

what happens with raised vitamin D

A

more calcium absorption into blood from the intestines

37
Q

what happens to PTH with low calcium

A

raise levels of secretion

38
Q

what kind of solubility is vitamine D

A

lipid soluble

39
Q

how does PTH increase active Vit D

A

increases 1alphaHydroxylase

40
Q

what does 1alphaHydroxylase do

A

adds OH to activate vitamin D

41
Q

what does calbindin do

A

moves Ca from the luminal to the basolateral side

42
Q

what is calbindin

A

protein that binds to Ca++ to allow its transportx

43
Q

what are the 3 vitamin D regulated froteins

A

ECaC (lets Ca++ into cell)
calbindin protein
basolateral calcium pump

44
Q

what kind of hormone is PTH

A

peptide

45
Q

what kind of hormone is calcitonin

A

peptide

46
Q

what does PTH do to blood phosphate

A

decrease (let it out in urine)

47
Q

what does Vit D do to blood phosphate

A

increase

48
Q

what does calcitonin do to blood phosphate

A

decrease

49
Q

what causes secretion of PTH

A

decreased blood Ca++

50
Q

what causes secretion of Vit D

A

PTH

51
Q

what causes secretion of calcitonin

A

increased blood Ca++

52
Q

what does PTH do to bone

A

increase resorption

53
Q

what does Vit D do to bone

A

increase resorption by working with PTH

54
Q

what does PTH do to kidney

A

increase reabsorption of Ca++

decrease reabsorption of phosphate

55
Q

what does Vit D do to kidney

A

increase reabsorption of Ca++ and phosphate

56
Q

what does Vit D do to GIT

A

increase reabsorption of Ca++ and phosphate (major)

57
Q

what does PTH do to GIT

A

increase reabsorption of Ca++ and phosphate (indirect via Vit D)

58
Q

what causes rickets

A

deficiency of Vit D in children

59
Q

what causes osteomalacia

A

deficiency of Vit D in adults

60
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D in adults

61
Q

what causes tetany

A

low calcium

62
Q

what happens with low plasma calcium

A

increases nerve and muscle excitability via opening of Na+ channels

63
Q

what would happen without parathyroid hormone

A

you die

Physiology (32 decks)

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