endocrine 6 - pancreas Flashcards
1
Q
is the pancreas exo or endo crine
A
both
2
Q
what do alpha cells release
A
glucagon
3
Q
what do beta cells release
A
insulin and amylin
4
Q
what do delta cells release
A
somatostatin
5
Q
what does amylin do
A
give satisfaction after eating
6
Q
which cells secrete amylin
A
beta
7
Q
which cells secrete glucagon
A
alpha
8
Q
which cells secrete insulin
A
beta
9
Q
what % of islet cells are alpha
A
15-20%
10
Q
what % of islet cells are beta
A
55-90%
11
Q
what % of islet cells are delta
A
3-10%
12
Q
which hormone is the hormone of feasting
A
insulin
13
Q
which hormone is the hormone of fasting
A
glucagon
14
Q
what does insulin do
A
increase uptake and storage of fuels
15
Q
is insulin cata or ana bolic
A
anabolic
16
Q
what does glucagon do
A
increases mobilization of fuels when needed
17
Q
is glucagon cata or ana bolic
A
catabolic
18
Q
what is the absorptive phase
A
the 4 hours it takes to have food finish stomach digesting after a meal, slowly switches to insulin
19
Q
what is the predominant hormone after post absorptive phase
A
glucagon
20
Q
what is the predominant hormone at the start of the absorptive phase
A
insulin
21
Q
what are 4 catabolic hormones that counter insulin
A
glucagon
Epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone
22
Q
which is the only hormone that can promote the stoerage of the major body fuels
A
insulin
23
Q
what are the roles of the 4 counter regulatory hormones
A
maintain energy metabolism and cell function (glucagon Epinephrine cortisol growth hormone)
24
Q
why are kids with juvenile diabetes so skinny
A
no insulin to store fuels, its all glucagon breaking it down
25
where does insulin store fuels (3)
liver/ hepatocytes
adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
26
which transporter lets glucose into adipose tissue
Glut-4
27
what does insulin do to glucose in the liver and muscle
turn in into glycogen
28
what does glucose do to amino acids in the liver and muscle
turn into proteins
29
what does insulin do to fatty acids in the liver andadipose tissue
turn into triglycerides
30
what does insulin do to glycogensis
increase
31
what does insulin do to glycogenolysis
decrease
32
what does insulin do to glycolysis
increase (so it can become insulin, and also decreasing [glucose] allows more into the cell)
33
what does insulin do to gluconeogensis
decrease
34
what does insulin do to ketogenesis
decrease
35
what does insulin do to protein and fat breakdown
decrease
36
what kind of hormone is insulin
peptide hormone
37
what kind of receptor does insulin bind to
receptor tyrosine kinase
| no g proteins
38
what is the only insulin sensitive transporter
GLUT 4
39
what kind of transport is involved with GLUT 4
facilitated transport
40
how is Glu transported into cell
uphill Na dependent by SGLTs (symport)
41
how is Glu transported out of cell
facilitated Na independent transport (GLUTs)
42
how does insulin affect GLUT4
insulin activates transport proteins which move GLUT4 to cell membrane
43
how does exersize affect GLUT4
exercise activates transport proteins which move GLUT4 to cell membrane
44
where does glucose come from short term
readily available in blood immediately after a meal (absorptive phase, 2-3 hours most active)
45
where does glucose come from long term
glycogenolysis in the liver (post absorptive phase)
46
where does glucose come from super long term
gluconeogensis from non-carb sources, such as fatty acids or amino acids
47
how is the liver affected by feasting
glucose stored as glycogen
acetyl-coa for fatty acid synthesis
amino acids used for protein synthesis
48
how is the adipose tissue affected by feasting
triglyceride synthesis
49
how is the muscle affected by feasting
amino acids used for protein synthesis
| glucose stored as glycogen
50
what happens during insulin deficiency
increase gluconeogensis, fat breakdown and muscle breakdown
| Catabolic state
51
what happens to GLUT4 during during insulin deficiency
glucose uptake into fat and muscle is impaired as 90% of GLUT4 transporters are stuck in vesicles
52
what is the primary goal of glucagon
defend against hypoglycemia
53
what is the primary target of glucagon
liver
54
what does glucagon do in the liver
promotes breakdown of glycogen and increases glucose using lipolysis
55
how is the adipose tissue affected by fasting
lipolysis
56
how is the liver affected by fasting
glucogen breakdown
gluconeogensis (use aa)
glycerol-glucose FFa-ketones
57
how is the muscle affected by fasting
glucogen breakdown
fatty acids used for energy
protein catabolism
58
what is the dominant hormone during fasting
glucagon
59
what does insulin do to blood glucose
decrease
60
what does glucagon do to blood glucose
increase
61
what does insulin do to lipolysis
decrease
62
what does glucagon do to glycolysis
decrease
63
what does glucagon do to glycgluconeogenesis
increase
64
is insulin secretion raised by sympathetic or parasympathetic activity
parasympathetic (sym. inhibits)
65
what happens to insulin secretion with high levels of plasma amino acids
increase
66
what is hypoglycemia
reduction of blood glucose level
67
what happens when the brain lacks glucose (2 bio ways to fix)
increase sympathetic activity, increased production of counter regulatory hormones (glucagon)
68
what causes diabetes mellitus
too little insulin
69
what level of insulin creates hyperglycemia
too little insulin
70
what level of insulin creates ketoacidosis
too little insulin
71
what causes type 1 diabetes mellitus
beta cells are destroyed, no insulin made (autoimmune)
72
what causes type 2 diabetes mellitus
increased resistance to insulin
73
what is diabetic ketoacidosis caused by
insulin deficiency leading to a catabolic state, hyperglycemia, acidosis and ketogenesid
74
what happens when your body breaks down fat
ketones are released which makes the blood acidic
75
what happens to insulin in diabetic ketoacidoses
decreased
76
what happens to counter regulatory hormones (glucagon, NE/E, cortisol, GH) in diabetic ketoacidoses
increase (catabolic)
77
why do you get acetone breath in diabetic ketoacidosis
because fat breakdown makes ketones
78
why do you get excess urine in diabetic ketoacidosis
high blood glucose makes high urine volume to try to get rid of it
79
why do you get thirsty in diabetic ketoacidosis
cause you losing lots of urine trying to get rid of the glucose in blood
80
why do you get hungry in diabetic ketoacidosis
no glucose transport into cells
81
why are counter regulatory hormones increased in ketoacidosis
no glucose can be used because no insulin, so the body needs to break down fat (these hormones help with this catabolism)
82
what is polyuria
increase in urine volume and frequency in urination
83
what is glucosuria
glucose in urine
84
what is polyphagia
increased hunger
85
what is polydipsia
increased thirst
86
what are some chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
blindness, renal failure, atherosclerosis, changes in sensation, poor wound healing
87
what are 3 treatments for type 1 diabetes mellitus
administration of insulin, islet cell transplant, gene therapy
88
what are 3 treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus
dietary control/ exercise
drugs which increase insulin secretion/ response to insulin
insulin administration
89
how can amylin analogs help with type 1 diabetes mellitus
help reduce extreme hunger
