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Physiology > endocrine 1 - intro > Flashcards

endocrine 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

gland that lacks ducts

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2
Q

what is an exocrine gland

A

gland that has a duct system

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3
Q

which organ is just endocrine

A

thyroid

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4
Q

which organ is just exocrine

A

salivary

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5
Q

which organ is endocrine and exocrine

A

pancreas

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6
Q

how do endocrine signals spread and where

A

hormone sent into blood, effects far target

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7
Q

how do neuroendocrine signals spread and where

A

neurotransmitters released by diffusion, effects are local

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8
Q

how do paracrine signals spread to where

A

target cells are very close

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9
Q

how do autocrine signals spread to where

A

released in interstitial space but it is self-acting

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10
Q

are endocrine or nervous system communication quicker

A

NERVOUS

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11
Q

are endocrine or nervous system communication more target specific

A

endocrine has many target cells, nervous is more target specific

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12
Q

what are 3 ways that you could regulate hormones

A

in production, transport and receptors

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13
Q

are protein hormones water or lipid soluble

A

water

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14
Q

are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble

A

lipid

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15
Q

are thyroid hormones water or lipid soluble

A

lipid

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16
Q

are catecholamines hormones water or lipid soluble

A

water

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17
Q

are eicosanoids hormones water or lipid soluble

A

lipid

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18
Q

when/how are protein hormones stored

A

after synthesis

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19
Q

when/how are steroid hormones stored

A

not stored but made on demand

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20
Q

which is the most important precursor for steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

what are the two types of receptors

A

cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors

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22
Q

which type of hormones go to cell surface receptors

A

protein and catecholamines

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23
Q

which type of hormones go to intracellular receptors

A

steroids and thyroid

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24
Q

are G-protein linked receptors cell surface or intracellular

A

surface

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25
Q

are catalytic receptors cell surface or intracellular

A

surface

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26
Q

what 4 things happen after G proteins

A

2nd messenger
protein kinase
protein phosphorylation
response of target cells

27
Q

what is the pathway of adenylate cyclase (G protein)

A

cAMP to PKA which causes protein phosphorylation

28
Q

what is the pathway of phospholipase C (G protein)

A

DAG–> PKC then protein phosphorylation

AND also IP3 to Ca2+

29
Q

what happens in the Ca2+ pathway (G protein)

A

Ca binds to calmodulin then Ca2+/Calmodulin dep. Kinase which causes protein phosphorylation

30
Q

what are the two types of catalytic receptors

A

receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase and also one that recruits tyrosine kinase

31
Q

what is the mechanism of intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

receptor phosphorylates the hormone once it binds, response of target cells

32
Q

what is the mechanism of recruiting tyrosine kinase

A

the hormone binds, receptor causes recruitment of a tyrosine kinase, phosphorylates, response of target cells

33
Q

what does protein kinase do

A

phosphorylate protein

34
Q

what does protein phosphatase do

A

remove phosphate group from protein

35
Q

is a phosphorylated or non phosphorylated protein active

A

they can both be active or unactive (more common that phosphorylated means active and inactive is non phosphorylated)

36
Q

where are the 3 locations of intracellular receptors

A

cytoplasm, nucleus or bound to DNA in nucleus

37
Q

what are the common effects of all intracellular receptors

A

they end up in nucleus and act as transcription factors

38
Q

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm

A

steroid hormones of adrenal cortex

39
Q

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the nucleus

A

sex steroids

40
Q

what are examples of intracellular receptors in the DNA in nucleus

A

thyroid hormones

41
Q

what does the ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depend on

A

the presence of receptors for that hormone on/ in the target cell

42
Q

what is up regulation

A

increase in the number of receptors for a hormone

43
Q

what is down regulation

A

decrease in the number of receptors for a hormone

44
Q

what could cause up regulation

A

low hormone levels

45
Q

what could cause down regulation

A

high hormone levels

46
Q

what is permissive actions of hormones

A

when hormone A must be present for the full action of hormone B to occur

47
Q

what is a connection between permissive actions of hormones and upregulation

A

hormone A may upregulate the receptors for hormone B on a target cell

48
Q

what are two examples of hormones that do permissive action

A

thyroid and epinephrine (the two together have much higher effects than either alone)

49
Q

what does negative feedback do to response

A

dampen

50
Q

what does positive feedback do to response

A

amplify

51
Q

what kind of feedback system is PTH and Ca2+

A

negative

52
Q

when is PTH secreted

A

when there is low Ca+

53
Q

when is PTH inhibited

A

when there is high Ca+

54
Q

what kind of feedback system is oxytocin secretion and cervical stretch

A

positive

55
Q

what is a tropic hormone

A

a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

56
Q

what is a trophic hormone

A

a hormone that increases secretion of hormone and stimulates growth of the gland

57
Q

whats a trophic effect

A

when a hormone stimulates growth of a gland

58
Q

what is hypo-secretion

A

secretion of too little hormone

59
Q

what is hypersecretion

A

secretion of too much hormone

60
Q

what is hypo-responsiveness

A

reduced responsiveness of target cells

61
Q

what can cause hypo-responsiveness

A

abnormal receptors, defective cell signalling, defective enzyme function in target cell

62
Q

what is Laron dwarfism caused by

A

when receptors on the cell do not respond to growth hormone

63
Q

what is hyper-responsiveness

A

increased responsiveness of target cells

64
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response

Physiology (32 decks)

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