Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
What kind of nervous system in intrinsic regulation
Enteric
What kind of nervous system in extrinsic regulation
Autonomic
Name layers of GIT in order
Mucosa:
Epithelium , Lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
G cell releases
Where are they
Gastrin
Stomach antrum
S cell releases
Where are they
Secretin
Small intestine
K cells release
Where are they
GIP
Small intestine
I cells release
Where are they
CCK
small intestine
What does gastrin do and why
Release HCL and motility higher (stomach ileum l.intestine)
when more peptides
What does secretin do and why
Reduces HCL and motility, adds HCO3- and water from pancreas and in bile
Too much acid in tummy
What does GIP do and why
More insulin made
When there is more glucose or fat in small intestine
What does CCK do and why
Lower HCL and stomach motility
Raise pancreatic enzymes and bile production
Relaxes sphincter of oddi
When there is fat and proteins in small intestine
Which peptide(s) increase HCL
gastrin
Which peptide(s) decrease HCL
Secretin CCK
Which hormone increases insulin
GIP
Hypothalamus where is feeding center
Lateral region
Hypothalamus where is satiety center
Ventromedial region
Damage in lateral region hypothalamus
Lose weight
Damage in ventromedial region
Get fat
Neuropeptide y what it do
Neurotransmitter in hypothalamus that stimulates hunger
Ghrelin
Where from. What do.
Endocrine cells in tummy
Stimulates NPY release
Anorexigenic factors
Where released
Leptin, adipose, long term not binge
Insulin, pancreas
Peptide YY, intestines
Melanocortjn, hypothalamus
What is vasopressin?????
What pathway
Antidiuretic hormone released from thirst center in hypothalamus
Increase plasma osmolarity
Mechanism of decreased plasma volume thirst center activation
Baroreceptors activated, angiotensin 2 made
3 types salivary glands and their secretion type
Parotid
Watery serous
Submandibular
Serous/mucous
Sublingual
Mucous
What is actively secreted in acinar cells
K
Cl
HCO3
What diffuses out of acinar cells
Water
Na
What leaves ducal cells into ducts
K HCO3
What leaves duct area info ductal cels
NA CL
Which ductal ions move the most and which direction
More NA CL loss than K HCO3 gain
Enzymes in mouth
Lingual lipase
Amylase
What is the role of stratified epithelium
Protect esophagus from abrasive or rough food
Role of HCL in tummy
Hydrolysis of proteins
Histamine in tummy what do
Stimulates HCL production
Somatostatin in tummy what do
Inhibits HCL production
How pepsinogen activated
Acid cleave it
Who secretes pepsinogen
Chief cells
What cell secretes gastrin and where is that cell
Antrum in tummy
G cell / enteroendocrine
What cells secrete somatostatin
D cells
What do parietal cells secrete
And where
HCL IF
gastric glands in fondus/ body
Enteric nervous system is AKA
Intrinsic
Main secretions of exocrine pancreas
Enzymes and HCO3-
Function of endocrine pancreas
NON DIGESTIVE
hormones to regulate entire body, like insulin
Main pancreatic duct joins what
Common bile duct before entering duodenum
What do duct cells secrete in pancreas
h20 and HCO3-
What do pancreatic acinar exocrine cells secrete
Enzymes
Alkaline tide caused by what
Parietal cells pumped HCO3- into blood
Acid tide caused by what
Duct cels in pancreas pumping H+ into blood
How is trypsinogen activated
What do
Enterokinase In duodenum cleaves it Into trypsin
Protease that activates other proteases
Which are endopeptidases
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
What is exopeptidase
Where cleave
Carboxypetidase
C terminus
What is chymotrypsinogen , pro-elastase and pro-carboxypeptisase activates by??
TRYPSIN
What’s in portal triad
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Bile duct
What are caniculi
Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes
Pancreatic lipase
Soluble in what
Where does it work
Water
Surface of lipid droplets
What do micelles hold
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides
What kind of transport in hepatocyte secretion
What do they secrete
Primary active
Bile salts/acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments
How are gallstones formed
Too much cholesterol in bile, precipitates out
How are pigment stones formed
Too much RBC breakdown, increases pigment concentration, joins Ca++ and precipitates out
