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Physiology > reproduction 3 - fertilization, pregnancy, lactation > Flashcards

reproduction 3 - fertilization, pregnancy, lactation Flashcards

1
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of the male and females gametes to form a zygote

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2
Q

when is it called an embryo

A

first 2 months

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3
Q

when is it called an fetus

A

after 2 months

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4
Q

where is the site of fertilization

A

female oviduct

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5
Q

how many long is sperm viable for

A

5 days

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6
Q

how long is oocyte viable for

A

12-24 hours

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7
Q

what must happen to sperm for it to be able to fertilize

A

capacitation

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8
Q

what are 2 reasions that only a few hundred sperm make it into the uterine tubes

A

acidic tract and leakage from cervis

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9
Q

how many sperm go into vagina

A

2X10^8

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10
Q

how many sperm go into uterus

A

100 000

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11
Q

how many sperm go into ampulla (near end of fallopian tube)

A

100

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12
Q

what layer of the graffian follicles do the acrosomal enzymes digest

A

the zona pellucida

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13
Q

what causes the block to polyspermy (3)

A

corticol granules release stuff which causes the hardening of the zona pellucida and enzyme inactivate the sperm binding receptor

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14
Q

what happens to the oocyte once the sperm fuses

A

2nd meiotic division so it becomes an ovum

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15
Q

what happens to the sperm membrane once the sperm fuses

A

disintergrates

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16
Q

which days is it a morula

A

3-4 days

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17
Q

what does totipotent mean

A

all necessary info is there that is needed to create a full fetus

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18
Q

which cell stage are the totipotent

A

16-32

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19
Q

what is cell cleavage like in morula

A

mitosis but no increase in overall size

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20
Q

what stage of embryo can they reach the uterus

A

morula

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21
Q

is the morula totipotent

A

yes each cell is totipotent

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22
Q

what happens when the totipotent morula cells split

A

identical twins

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23
Q

what happens with fertilization of two oocytes

A

non idtentical fraternal twins

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24
Q

does the blastocyst have a zona pellucida

A

no (it is replaced by trophoblast)

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25
what is trophoblast
the outer cell layer
26
what does the trophoblast become later
fetal placental
27
what will the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become
the embryo
28
are blastocysts totipotent
no
29
what days is blastocyst post fertilization
4-5
30
what is the blastocoele
fluid filled cavity of the blastocyst
31
how many days post fertilization does implantation happen
6-7
32
what allows the blastocyst to implant
the sticky tropoblast cells
33
what is the decidual response
when the blastocyst anchords and embeds itself into the endometrial wall
34
what will the amniotic cavity become
housing for the new fetus
35
in how many weeks is the placenta functioning and heart beating in child
5 weeks
36
what is the role of amniotic fluid
buffer / cushion for fetus
37
why do the sinus and chorionic villus come in contact
they dont! the chorionic villus prevent blood contact
38
what does the sinus contain
the mothers blood
39
where do the chorionic villus protrude into
the sinus where exchange can occur
40
is placenta endo or exocrine
endo
41
what does placenta exchange for fetus
respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products
42
do B and T cells go through the placenta
no
43
which hormone maintains the corpus luteum
hCG
44
when does hCG spike
60-80 days post fertilization
45
why does estrogen and progesterone constantly rise post fertilization
because corpus luteum remains due to hCG
46
what does hCS look like in graph
it mimics the pattern of E and P but higher
47
does hCG or hPL/hCS rise first
hCG
48
what is the main role of hCG
maintains corpus luteum in early pregnancy
49
why is hCG important in early pregnancy
the placenta has not taken over its endocrine role
50
what is the role of hCS/hPL
GH-like and anti-insulin in mother so the fetus can have more glucose
51
which hormone contributes to maternal gestational diabetes
hCS/hPL because it is anti-insulin like
52
what are the 4 major hormones of the placenta
hCS/hPL hCG P E
53
when is progesterone made in the pregnancy
mid-late once the corpus luteum slows
54
what does progesterone do to LH and FSH
inhibits (you want dormant ovaries)
55
what does progesterone do to uterine contractions
decrease
56
what does progesterone do to alveolar glands
growth
57
what does progesterone do to mucuous
makes it sperm unfriendly
58
what does estrogen do to uterus
grows myometrium
59
what does estrogen do to LH and FSH
inhibit
60
what does estrogen do to mammary ducts
growth
61
what does estrogen do to oxytocin sensitivity
increase (makes more receptors)
62
is P or E dominant when it comes to contractility
progesterone (supresses it)
63
where is cholesterol made into progesterone
in the placenta
64
where is progesterone made into androgens
in the fetal adrenal glands
65
where is androgens made into estrogen
in the placenta
66
where is oxytocin secreted
posterior pituitary
67
when does oxytocin do to uterine contractions
increase/ strengthen
68
what causes the oxytocin to increase
pressure of fetus against cervix
69
what 4 things increases myometrial contractions
E, Prostaglandins, oxytocin, stretch
70
what 2 things inhibit myometrial contractions
progesterone and relaxin
71
what 2 things increases cervical ripening
prostaglandins sand relaxin
72
what decreases cervical ripening
progesterone
73
where does relaxin come from in humans
corpus luteum
74
where does relaxin come from in animals
placenta
75
what is cervical ripening
softens tissues cervix and allows bones to move apart
76
what is the order of the things in the mammary gland
alveoli in lobules makes lobes which lead into ducts
77
what are the mammary glands like from birth to puberty
very few alveoli, rudimentary ducts
78
what are the mammary glands like at puberty
ducts grow and branch out, some alveolar growth, deposit fat and alveolar tissue
79
which hormone causes ducts to branch out and grow in puberty
Estrogen
80
which hormone causes alveolar growth in puberty
Progesterone
81
what does prolactin do
lactogenesis
82
what causes prolactin release
low E and P
83
what hormone is required for milk ejection
oxytocin
84
what hormone is required for milk let down
oxytocin
85
what are myoepithelial cells
epithelial cells with muscle like (contractile) properties
86
where does oxytocin act on
receptors on myoepithelial cells
87
how do myoepithelial cells help with milk ejection
oxytocin triggers them to squeeze milk out of the alveolar cells
88
is the suckling reflex positive or negative
highly positive
89
what does dopamine do to prolactin
decreases it
90
what does suckling reflex do to dopamine (PIH)
decreases
91
what is milk let down
milk ejection

Physiology (32 decks)

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