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Physiology > reproduction 3 - fertilization, pregnancy, lactation > Flashcards

reproduction 3 - fertilization, pregnancy, lactation Flashcards

1
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of the male and females gametes to form a zygote

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2
Q

when is it called an embryo

A

first 2 months

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3
Q

when is it called an fetus

A

after 2 months

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4
Q

where is the site of fertilization

A

female oviduct

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5
Q

how many long is sperm viable for

A

5 days

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6
Q

how long is oocyte viable for

A

12-24 hours

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7
Q

what must happen to sperm for it to be able to fertilize

A

capacitation

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8
Q

what are 2 reasions that only a few hundred sperm make it into the uterine tubes

A

acidic tract and leakage from cervis

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9
Q

how many sperm go into vagina

A

2X10^8

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10
Q

how many sperm go into uterus

A

100 000

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11
Q

how many sperm go into ampulla (near end of fallopian tube)

A

100

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12
Q

what layer of the graffian follicles do the acrosomal enzymes digest

A

the zona pellucida

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13
Q

what causes the block to polyspermy (3)

A

corticol granules release stuff which causes the hardening of the zona pellucida and enzyme inactivate the sperm binding receptor

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14
Q

what happens to the oocyte once the sperm fuses

A

2nd meiotic division so it becomes an ovum

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15
Q

what happens to the sperm membrane once the sperm fuses

A

disintergrates

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16
Q

which days is it a morula

A

3-4 days

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17
Q

what does totipotent mean

A

all necessary info is there that is needed to create a full fetus

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18
Q

which cell stage are the totipotent

A

16-32

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19
Q

what is cell cleavage like in morula

A

mitosis but no increase in overall size

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20
Q

what stage of embryo can they reach the uterus

A

morula

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21
Q

is the morula totipotent

A

yes each cell is totipotent

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22
Q

what happens when the totipotent morula cells split

A

identical twins

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23
Q

what happens with fertilization of two oocytes

A

non idtentical fraternal twins

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24
Q

does the blastocyst have a zona pellucida

A

no (it is replaced by trophoblast)

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25
Q

what is trophoblast

A

the outer cell layer

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26
Q

what does the trophoblast become later

A

fetal placental

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27
Q

what will the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become

A

the embryo

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28
Q

are blastocysts totipotent

A

no

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29
Q

what days is blastocyst post fertilization

A

4-5

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30
Q

what is the blastocoele

A

fluid filled cavity of the blastocyst

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31
Q

how many days post fertilization does implantation happen

A

6-7

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32
Q

what allows the blastocyst to implant

A

the sticky tropoblast cells

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33
Q

what is the decidual response

A

when the blastocyst anchords and embeds itself into the endometrial wall

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34
Q

what will the amniotic cavity become

A

housing for the new fetus

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35
Q

in how many weeks is the placenta functioning and heart beating in child

A

5 weeks

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36
Q

what is the role of amniotic fluid

A

buffer / cushion for fetus

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37
Q

why do the sinus and chorionic villus come in contact

A

they dont! the chorionic villus prevent blood contact

38
Q

what does the sinus contain

A

the mothers blood

39
Q

where do the chorionic villus protrude into

A

the sinus where exchange can occur

40
Q

is placenta endo or exocrine

A

endo

41
Q

what does placenta exchange for fetus

A

respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products

42
Q

do B and T cells go through the placenta

A

no

43
Q

which hormone maintains the corpus luteum

A

hCG

44
Q

when does hCG spike

A

60-80 days post fertilization

45
Q

why does estrogen and progesterone constantly rise post fertilization

A

because corpus luteum remains due to hCG

46
Q

what does hCS look like in graph

A

it mimics the pattern of E and P but higher

47
Q

does hCG or hPL/hCS rise first

A

hCG

48
Q

what is the main role of hCG

A

maintains corpus luteum in early pregnancy

49
Q

why is hCG important in early pregnancy

A

the placenta has not taken over its endocrine role

50
Q

what is the role of hCS/hPL

A

GH-like and anti-insulin in mother so the fetus can have more glucose

51
Q

which hormone contributes to maternal gestational diabetes

A

hCS/hPL because it is anti-insulin like

52
Q

what are the 4 major hormones of the placenta

A

hCS/hPL
hCG
P
E

53
Q

when is progesterone made in the pregnancy

A

mid-late once the corpus luteum slows

54
Q

what does progesterone do to LH and FSH

A

inhibits (you want dormant ovaries)

55
Q

what does progesterone do to uterine contractions

A

decrease

56
Q

what does progesterone do to alveolar glands

A

growth

57
Q

what does progesterone do to mucuous

A

makes it sperm unfriendly

58
Q

what does estrogen do to uterus

A

grows myometrium

59
Q

what does estrogen do to LH and FSH

A

inhibit

60
Q

what does estrogen do to mammary ducts

A

growth

61
Q

what does estrogen do to oxytocin sensitivity

A

increase (makes more receptors)

62
Q

is P or E dominant when it comes to contractility

A

progesterone (supresses it)

63
Q

where is cholesterol made into progesterone

A

in the placenta

64
Q

where is progesterone made into androgens

A

in the fetal adrenal glands

65
Q

where is androgens made into estrogen

A

in the placenta

66
Q

where is oxytocin secreted

A

posterior pituitary

67
Q

when does oxytocin do to uterine contractions

A

increase/ strengthen

68
Q

what causes the oxytocin to increase

A

pressure of fetus against cervix

69
Q

what 4 things increases myometrial contractions

A

E, Prostaglandins, oxytocin, stretch

70
Q

what 2 things inhibit myometrial contractions

A

progesterone and relaxin

71
Q

what 2 things increases cervical ripening

A

prostaglandins sand relaxin

72
Q

what decreases cervical ripening

A

progesterone

73
Q

where does relaxin come from in humans

A

corpus luteum

74
Q

where does relaxin come from in animals

A

placenta

75
Q

what is cervical ripening

A

softens tissues cervix and allows bones to move apart

76
Q

what is the order of the things in the mammary gland

A

alveoli in lobules makes lobes which lead into ducts

77
Q

what are the mammary glands like from birth to puberty

A

very few alveoli, rudimentary ducts

78
Q

what are the mammary glands like at puberty

A

ducts grow and branch out, some alveolar growth, deposit fat and alveolar tissue

79
Q

which hormone causes ducts to branch out and grow in puberty

A

Estrogen

80
Q

which hormone causes alveolar growth in puberty

A

Progesterone

81
Q

what does prolactin do

A

lactogenesis

82
Q

what causes prolactin release

A

low E and P

83
Q

what hormone is required for milk ejection

A

oxytocin

84
Q

what hormone is required for milk let down

A

oxytocin

85
Q

what are myoepithelial cells

A

epithelial cells with muscle like (contractile) properties

86
Q

where does oxytocin act on

A

receptors on myoepithelial cells

87
Q

how do myoepithelial cells help with milk ejection

A

oxytocin triggers them to squeeze milk out of the alveolar cells

88
Q

is the suckling reflex positive or negative

A

highly positive

89
Q

what does dopamine do to prolactin

A

decreases it

90
Q

what does suckling reflex do to dopamine (PIH)

A

decreases

91
Q

what is milk let down

A

milk ejection

Physiology (32 decks)

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