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Physiology > 6- small intestine > Flashcards

6- small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

which is smallest and largest
duodenum
jejunum
ileum

A

small: duodenum
longest: ileum

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2
Q

what is ferritin

A

a protein complex that acts as a storage form of iron

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3
Q

what is transferrin

A

plasma protein that carries iron

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4
Q

what do absorptive/enterocytes do

A

absorb

brush border enzymes

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5
Q

what do most cells from the stem cells end up becoming

A

absorptive cells

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6
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucous

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7
Q

what is the role of ileum

A

digest and absorb (less important)

secrete intrinsic factor for B12 and absorbs bile acid

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8
Q

what do paneth cells do

A

secrete antibacterial proteins

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9
Q

what are the major cell types in villus

A

goblet, endocrine and absorptive cells

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10
Q

what are the major cell types in crypts

A

stem and paneth cells

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11
Q

what is a brush border

A

small microvilli projections of epithelial cells that cover the villi, major absorptive surface of the small intestine

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12
Q

what kind of molecules do brush border enzymes break down

A

carbs and peptides

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13
Q

what do brush border enzymes durn maltose and limit dextrins into

A

glucose

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14
Q

why do brush border enzymes need to break these sugars down to glucose

A

because the intestine can only absorb monosaccharides

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15
Q

how does glucose/ galactose get from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells

A

2ary cotransport with sodium

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16
Q

how does glucose/ galactose get from the epithelial cells into the blood

A

facililated transport

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17
Q

how does fructose get from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells

A

facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

how does fructose get from the epithelial cells into the blood

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

why does lactose intolerance cause diarrhea

A

decrease water absorption in gut because lactose produces an osmotic gradient

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20
Q

how does glucose/ galactose get from the epithelial cells into the blood

A

facilitated transport

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21
Q

how do small peptides get absorbed into epithelial cell

A

2 active coupled to H+

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22
Q

what happens once small peptides enter the cytosol

A

they are hydrolyzed by peptidases into amino acids

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23
Q

how to amino acids enter the blood

A

facilitated diffusion

24
Q

what happens once fatty acids enter the enterocyte and why

A

ER processes them back into triglycerides

25
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

proteins that were packed by Golgi and secreted via exocytosis

26
Q

what does the ER do to the triglycerides

A

triglycerides that aggregated and coated with amphipathic proteins

27
Q

what are chylomicrons and what do they contain

A

extracellular fat droplets

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and far soluble vitamins

28
Q

what does the ER do to the triglycerides

A

triglycerides that aggregated and coated with amphipathic proteins

29
Q

what happens once the triglycerides are coated with amphipathic proteins

A

packaged in Golgi and secreted via exocytosis

30
Q

where do large chylomicrons go

A

into the lymphatic system

31
Q

what do lymphatics enter the systemic circulation

A

the thoracic duct

32
Q

are capillaries or lacteals more leaky

A

lacteals

thats why chylomicrons can fit

33
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase on endothelial cells of blood vessels release

A

triglycerides from chylomicrons as monoglycerides and free fatty acids which can be taken up by tissues

34
Q

how is iron transported into the enterocyte

A

2 active

35
Q

what happens once iron is in the enterocyte

A

incorporated into ferritin

36
Q

what happens to iron that is not stored

A

it is released into the blood and is attached to transferring

37
Q

what happens to iron bound to ferritin

A

it sheds after a few days

38
Q

what happens where there are ample iron stores

A

ferritin is upregulated so there is a reduced absorption of iron

39
Q

what happens when there are depleted stores of iron

A

less ferritin made so that more iron is absorbed

40
Q

what happens where there are ample iron stores

A

ferritin is up-regulated so there is a reduced absorption of iron

41
Q

where does majority of the water in the intestines come from

A

organs that drain into the intestine (liver, pancreas)

42
Q

how much fluid is handled in the GI tract daily

A

8-9 L

43
Q

what happens to most of the fluid in the GI tract

A

reabsorbed in the small intestine

44
Q

where is water absorption happening

A

in the villi

45
Q

where is secretion happening

A

crypts

46
Q

how does water get across epithelium

A

paracellular transport (tight junctions) due to osmotic gradient

47
Q

which are important electrolytes for water transport

A

Na
Cl
HCO3

48
Q

what electrolytes are important for water absorption

what kind of transport

A

Na gradients generated in secondary active nutrient uptake (glucose and amino acids)

49
Q

what electrolytes are important for water secretion

what kind of transport

A

Cl- gradient made by secondary active transporter

triggered by cAMP production

50
Q

what causes cholera

A

increases cAMP in crypt epithelium, which activates Cl- secretion into lumen and water follows

51
Q

what is the most common motion in the small intestine

A

segmentation

52
Q

what is the MMC and what does it replace

A

replaces segmentation, it is the migrating myoelectrical complex
a pattern of peristaltic activity
overlapping waves

53
Q

what is the purpose of MMC

A

push any undigested material and bacteria into the small intestine

54
Q

what is motilin

A

intestinal hormone released by small intestine cells that initialy MMC

55
Q

what inhibits motilin

A

eating

Physiology (32 decks)

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