resp-1 anatomy Flashcards
what are in the upper airways
nasal/oral cavities
pharynx
larynx
what kind of muscles in the trachea and bronchi
smooth muscles
where is there cartilage in the trachea and bronchi
bronchi (plates)
C shaped cartilage
where in the trachea & bronchi is semicartilaginal
trachea&primary bronchi
(C shape cartilage) and smooth muscle
bronchi
is there cartilege bronchioles & terminal bronchioles
no, only smooth muscle
what is the conducting zone
anatomical dead space, no alveoli and no gas exchange
it leads to the gas exchange zone
what is the respiratory zone
where gas exchange happens (contains alveoli)
what are the terminal bronchioles
smallest airway without alveoli
what are respiratory bronchiles
have occasional alveoli
what happens to diameter and length of airway as it branches more
decreases
what happens to number and area of airway as it branches more
increases (allows for more gas exchange)
what are alveoli
thin walled capillary rich zone where gas exchange occured
what do type 1 alveolar cells do
line alveolar walls
what do type 2 alveolar cells do
produce surfactant
what is surfactant?
detergent like substance made of lipoproteins that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
do type 1 cells divide
no
do type 2 cells divide
yes
is type 1 or 2 a progenitor cell
what does that mean
type 2
when there is injury to 1, 2 multiplies and can differentiate to type 1
how does O2 and CO2 get through the respiratory membrane
diffusion
what is ventilation
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow
what drices the diffusion of CO2 and O2 across the respiratory membrane
concentration gradients
what is bulk flow
pressure moving gas
what drives respiratory muscles (CNS)
CNS sends rhythmic excitatory signals
which are the inspiratory pump muscles
diaphragm
external intercostals
parasternal
what are the expiatory pump muscles
internal intercostals
abdominals
what are the inspiratory airway muscles
tongue protruders, alae nasi, muscles around airwats (pharynx, larynx)
what are the expiratory airway muscles
constrictor muscles around airways (pharynx, larynx)
what are the inspiratory accesory miscles
sternocleidomasroid, scalene, pectoralis
what does the diaphragm do during inspiration and why
contracts and flattens to increase the volume of the thorax
what do the external intercostal muscles do during inspiration
contract and pull ribs upward, increasing the lateral volume of the thorax (like bucket handle)
how do parasternal intercostal muscles work during inspiration
contract and pull sternum forwards, increasing anterior posterior dimension of the rib cage (pump handle motion)
when are the abdominals activated
deep and fast breathing or coughing, defaction…
relaxed at rest
what do the internal intercostals do in expiration
relax at rest
in exercise, internal intercostal muscles pull rib cage down, reducing thoracic volume
what do the scalenes do
elevate upper ribs
what do the sternocleidomastoid do
raise the sternum
what do the pectoralis do
elevate ribs
when are the accessory inspiratory muscles activated
only in exercise of forced respiration
what happens during restful inspiration
external intercostal pull ribs up and out
diapragm contracts
what happens during forced inspiration
stemocleidomastoid elevates sternum
pectoralis elevates rip
what happens during restful expiration
diaphragm relaxed
ab relax
what happens during forceful expiration
posterior internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and inward
ab wall contracts and pushes ab content and diaphragm up to reduce thoracic volume
which muscles contribute to opening airways
tongue protruders
alae nasi
pharyngeal and laryngeal dilators (ins)
pharyngeal and laryngeal constrictors (exp)
what is obstructive sleep apnea
reduction in upper airway patency during sleep
what cells line the conducting airways
what do they do
goblet and ciliated cells
entrap inhaled particles to be removed
who makes the sol layer
ciliated cells make the pericilliary fluid/SOL layer
what is special about the sol layer
optimal for ciliary activity
who makes the gel layer
goblets
where do cilia move upwards and downwards
downwards : nasopharync
upwards : trachea
what causes sleep apnea
high fat around neck
low muscle tone around airways
what do macrophages do in the alveoli
phagotize foreign particles
how is pulmonary firbosis made
silica dust and asbestos cannot be digested by macrophages, they die and cause inflammation and infection, increases thickness and membranes and makes it less elastic
where are the cartilaginous structures
trachea, primary bronchi and bronchi
where are there no cartilaginous strcutues
terminal bronchi and respiratory zone
where does gas exchange occur
respiratory zone and alveoli
what does smoking increase and decrease
decrease cilia activity
increase goblet cells
