Research Lecture 4 - Cog and Lang Dev

Question 1

What did Foglia and Wilson belief?

Answer 1

‘In the Western philosophical tradition, the fact we have bodies has been mostly regarded as irrelevant or peripheral to the understanding of knowledge and cognition’

Question 2

What is the new belief regarding cognitive and language development?

Answer 2

‘Bodily states and modality specific (senses) systems for perception and action underlie information processing contributes to aspects and effects of mental phenomena’

Question 3

What did Oudgenoeg-Paz, Volman and Leseman question?

Answer 3

Whether the age of attainment of sitting and walking can predict the development of productive vocabulary between the ages of 16 and 28 months

Question 4

Who were the participants of Leseman et al?

Answer 4

55 children aged 16-28 months

Question 5

What were the parents required to report in Leseman et al?

Answer 5

The age at which their child could engage in unsupported sitting, the age at which their child could engage in independent walking and productive vocabulary

Question 6

What did Leseman et al find?

Answer 6

Children who achieve unsupported sitting and independent walking earlier show a higher overall lever and larger rate of growth of productive vocabulary. Also early sitters and walkers get different learning opportunities and see the world differently

Question 7

What did Kretch et al question?

Answer 7

How infants with typical development and infants with significant motor delay use various postures during play. Whether posture is related in real time to caregiver-provided cognitive learning opportunities

Question 8

Who were the participants of Kretch et al?

Answer 8

Children with motor delay, children with Bayley III motor compositor score lower than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean

Question 9

What is gross motor?

Answer 9

How well an infant can move their body

Question 10

What is fine motor?

Answer 10

How well an infant can use their hands and fingers to make things happen

Question 11

What are infants assessed for in gross motor skills in Kretch et al?

Answer 11

Assessed for head control and their performance on activities such as rolling from side to side, sitting upright and crawling motions.

Question 12

What are infants assessed for in fine motor skills in Kretch?

Answer 12

Assessed for muscle control such as following movement with their eyes, bringing a hand to their mouth and reaching/grasping an object

Question 13

What is the procedure of Kretch et al’s experiment?

Answer 13

Infants participated in 5 assessment visits over 1 year; at baseline and atrium 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 months post baseline. Visits took place in family’s home. A video-taped 5 min free play session with chills primary caregiver

Question 14

What is supine?

Answer 14

Lying on the floor or other surface with the infant’s back or side in contact with the surface

Question 15

What is prone?

Answer 15

All face down postures

Question 16

What is supported sitting?

Answer 16

Sitting on the floor with assistance from caregiver

Question 17

What is independent sitting?

Answer 17

Sitting on the floor without caregivers assistance or with, without support from hands

Question 18

What is standing?

Answer 18

Upright with feet on the floor, with or without support

Question 19

What are the 5 categories of infant posture coding?

Answer 19

Supine, prone, supported sitting, independent sitting and standing.

Question 20

What are cognitive opportunities?

Answer 20

Moments where the adult engaged with the child and promoted the practice of a perceptual, cognitive or social developmental skill

Question 21

What are the 3 categories of cognitive opportunity coding?

Answer 21

Encourage infants to explore objects visually or manually, engage in face to face play and joint attention and draw infants attention to a property or affordance of an object

Question 22

What did Soska and Adolph question?

Answer 22

How changes in infant’s postural position affect the frequency of exploratory actions - manual, oral and visual exploration and their coordinated interactions.

Question 23

Who are the participants of Soska and Adolph?

Answer 23

29 infants aged 4.7 to 7.43 months

Question 24

What did the participants of Soska’s experiment do?

Answer 24

Offered a different toy on each trials, and trials lasted until infants accumulated 60 sec of manual contact with the toy. After 2 trials were completed in the given posture, the experimenter placed the infant in the next posture

Question 25

What were the 3 postures in Soska?

Answer 25

Sitting upright held by a caregiver, lying supine on their backs and lying prone on their bellies

Question 26

What are the 3 manual explorations in Soska?

Answer 26

Fingering objects, rotating objects and transferring objects between hands with no concurrent mouthing or touching of the upper body or legs

Question 27

What is oral exploration?

Answer 27

Coded when infants brought an object into the mouth for 0.5 sec or more