post world war II (1950 to present) Flashcards
what is lawn tennis
originally called ‘sphairistike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced
lawn tennis
- middle class invention, excluded from upper class
- eventually spread to lower class via public parks
- played by male and females
- use of standardised rules
- use of specialist equipment
what does wta show
tennis can be viewed as one of a few sports in which female professional performers played a significant part
- wta and a number of women decided to create their own tour away from the mens in a pay dispute, developed in the late 20th century
- this provided groundbreaking opportunities for women to play at top level
- this grew to worldwide sponsorship deals and media coverage in the 21st century
what does open era mean
when professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs
how was athletics rationalised and developed into track and field athletics
- people migrated large numbers to towns and cities
- athletics became popular in such towns and cities with purpose built tracks and facilities built in mid 19th century
- walking and running races took place over set distances and on race courses
- lots started spectating
- upper & middle class run for enjoyment
- lower class ran for money and deemed professionals
how were elite female athletes treated
- remained ‘indifferent’
- track and field was not deemed acceptable activity for women as it was unlady like
- still excluded from a number of events in the olympics
- marathon not open to women until 1984
- triple jump and hammer only open to women in 1996
- women’s capabilities still challenged
the golden triangle
the interrelationship between sport media and business
sport
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business /____________\media
what is commercialisation
process of attempting to gain money from an activity
sponsorship
when company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase sales of there goods
merchandising
practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another
commercialisation, media, sponsorship
- media interest in certain high profile sports- television companies pay huge amounts of money for the right to show sporting event
- sponsorship deals result from television exposure
- merchandising relates to media exposure (clothing & equipment)
- governing bodies and other organisations have become multinational companies
what are the characteristics of commercial sport
- professional sport- high quality
- sponsorship & business- they go hand in hand
- athletes as commodities- e.g. assets to companies through product endorsement which bring increased sales
- contracts- involving sales, of merchandise and bidding for television rights
- entertainment- watching sport is part of a mass entertainment industry
- wide media coverage- high profile sport, well matched competition, high skill level
what are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers
- receive high income for sports participation and commercial activities
- must specialise in the sport in order to compete- serious training, dedication
negative- controlled by sponsor, become public commodities and suffer from lack of privacy - successful results= pay rise
- under pressure to perform when injured
what are the effects of commercialisation on sport
- rules changed to speed action, prevent spectator boredom
- breaks provided so sponsors can advertise
- competition formats changed
- sports played by women receive less coverage, can have negative effect on participation; fewer role models and less money reinvested
- increase in tech gives spectators more of personal experience
why do companies invest large amounts in to sport
- increased sales
- creates association with excellence at high levels of sport
- increased brand awareness
- improves company morale
- creates association with healthy image of sport
what is globalisation
process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communications and travel
how is globalisation seen in sport
- sponsorships of event
- players recruited to play for teams in other countries
- spreading of different sports to new nations
- increased pressure on athletes to perform their best: may lead to use of illegal substances
what impact has the social media had on sport
- players and fans globally communicate
- provides information regarding sport
- athletes use it to share info and promote their clubs
- players use social media to promote themselves
- promote team achievements
- some players/ coaches in trouble for posting inappropriate content
how did the rationalisation of association football change the game in the 19th century
- urbanisation- large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience
- more free time- less time in factories
- improved transport- fans able to travel
- increased professionalism
- social class links- middle class influence and approval gave football more respectability
- increased organisation- highly structured
what is bosman ruling
allowed freedom movement of labour in european union
- effectively allowed footballers with in the eu to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer being paid
20th century sport
- bbc began live coverage
- football became britain’s major sporting activity
- in 1900 maximum wage was set at £4 a week
- salaries increased massively with bosman ruling giving players freedom of contract
- transport continued to develop
- technology develop
equal opportunities
- more sports generally available and socially acceptable
- sex discrimination act has been passed, leading to less sexual discrimination
- war effort from women also helped show capabilities
uefa
- as 21st century progressed, womens football become increasingly prominent across the world
- uefa set up competitions such as women’s euro
why are more women participating in sport
- increased media coverage
- more female role models
- more provision via school pe programmes
- increased approval
- more clubs forming
- increased participation
- more free time
elite female officials in football
- at end of 20th century, limited number of female officials were progressing through to the football league
- wendy toms was first official to officiate in the football league and then in premier league
- development opportunities for female referees in england have progressed in more recent years
