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Medicine Sem 1 > physiology week 11 +12 > Flashcards

physiology week 11 +12 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does Body fluids remain constant

A

Body fluids remain constant due to a balance between fluid intake and output

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2
Q

Name sources of daily water intake

A
  • Ingested water(from liquids+ food)
    -Synthesized water
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3
Q

Name sources of daily water loss

A

Insensible water loss:
skin
Respitatory tract
-sweat
-Feces
-Kidneys

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4
Q

What is the role of the kidneys

A
  • It adjusts water and electrolyte excretion to balance intake and compensate for losses
  • The regulate electrolytes like Na,cl,k
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5
Q

What is body fluid divided into

A

-ICF
-ECF

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6
Q

What does ECF contain

A
  • Transcelluler fluid
    -Interstitial fluid
    -Blood plasma
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7
Q

What does Transcellular fluid contain

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
    and fluid in the :
    -Synovial
    -peritoneal
    -pericadial
    intraocular spacesssss
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8
Q

What factors does total body water depend on

A
  • Age
    -Sex
  • Fat percentage
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9
Q

What is extracellular fluid subdivided into

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • plasma
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10
Q

Name the cations and the amounts that ECF contains

A

Large amounts of Na+,
Small amounts of k+,Ca2+,Mg2+

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11
Q

Name the Anions and the amounts in which the ECF contains

A
  • Large amounts of Cl- and bicarbonate ions with small amounts of phosphate and organic acids
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12
Q

Explain the similarity between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

They have a similar ionic concentration due to highly permeable capillary membranes

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13
Q

Explain the differences between plasma and interstitial fluid

A
  • Plasma has a higher concentration of protons due to low permeability of capillaries to proteins
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14
Q

What is the Donna Effect

A
  • It is that Plasma has slightly higher cations than interstitial fluid because plasma proteins bind cations and repel anions
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15
Q

How is the ICF separated from the ECF

A
  • By a cell membrane that is permeable to water but not to most electrolytes
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16
Q

Name the cations that ICF contains and the amounts

A
  • High amounts of k+ and moderate Mg2+
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17
Q

Name the anions that the ICF contains and the amounts

A

-ICF contains high amounts of phosphate and sulphate ions
- Low amounts of chloride and sodium Concentrations

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18
Q

How is the body fluid compartment volumes measured

A
  • Indicator-dlution principle
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19
Q

Explain the method of the Indicator-Diltuion principle

A
  • Inject a known amount of indicator into the compartment
  • Allow the substanc to mix evenly throughout the compartment
  • Analayze the final concentration of the indicator in the fluid sample
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20
Q

What does the calculation formula for indicator dilution principle :VolumeB=
ConcentrationB
VolumeA ×ConcentrationA
​Require knowing for the equation to be used

A

Requires knowing:
-The total amount of indicator injected
- Final concentration of the indicator in the compartment

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21
Q

What conditions is needed for the indicator-dilution method to be accurate

A
  • Indicator must diperse evenly throughout the compartment
    -Indicator must remain restricted to the compartment being measured
  • Indicator should not be metabloized or excreted
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22
Q

What does measurement of Total body water use

A
  • Uses substaces like radioactive water or antipyrine
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23
Q

What does measurement of Extracellular fluid volume use

A
  • Substances such as radiocative sodium, radioactive chloride
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24
Q

What does the measurement of plasma volume use

A
  • Using substances that remain in the vascular system, such as radioactive iodine
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25
Explain the selective permeability of cell membranes
- Highly permeable to water - Realtively impermeable to solutes like Na and cl
26
What is the effect of adding Sodium chloride to ECF
- Water moves out of cells
27
What is the effect of removing sodium chloride from ECF
- Water moves into cells
28
What does osmolality mean
osmoles per kilogram of water
29
What does osmolarity
osmoles per liter of solution
30
80% of the total osmolarity of the ECF and plasma is due to what
-Sodium and chloride ions
31
In ICF half the osmolarit is due to what
Potassium ions
32
What does small changes in extracellular solute concentrations create
High osmotic pressure across cell membranes
33
When does water stop moving across cell membranes
- When osmotic equillibrium is achieved
34
Explain what happens isotionic solutions
There is no net water movement and cells maintain their volume
35
Explains what happens in hypotonic solutions
- Water diffuses into cells , causing the cells to swell
36
What happens in hypertonic solutions
- Water diffuses out of cells , causing cells to shrink
37
Explain isosmotic solutions(osmolarity) What does the Tonicity depend on in isosmotic solutions
- They have equal osmolarity to cells - Tonicity depends on whether solutes are permeant or impermeant
38
Explain hyperosmotic/hypo osmotic solutions
- They have higher/lower osmolarity than ECF
39
Why does water move rapidly across cell membranes
- To equalize osmolarities between the ECF and ICF
40
What are the effects of adding isotonic saline to the ECF volume+ osmolarity
- It increases ECF volume without changing osmolarity or intracellular volume
41
What are the ffects of adding hypertonic saline to the ECF osmolarity
- It inceases ECF osmolarity, causing water to move out of the cells
42
What is the net effect of adding hypertonic to the ECF and ICF volumes
-ECF volume increases -ICF volume decreases
43
What is the effect of adding hypotonic saline to the ECF osmolarity
- Decreases ECF osmolarity, causing water to move into cells
44
What is the net effect of adding hypotonic saline to ECF and ICF volumes
-Intracellular and extracellular vloumes increase
45
What is the purpose of using glucose solutions
Used to provide nutrition
46
Name 2 solutions that’s are used for nutritive purposes
Amino acid and homogenised fat solutions
47
How are nutrient solutions administered and why
-Isotonic - Slowly To maintain osmotic equilibrium
48
How is excess water excreted
By kidneys as dilute urine
49
What is the result of a low plasma sodium Concentration
Hyponatremia
50
What is the result of high plasma sodium concentration
Hypernatremia
51
What are the causes of Hyponatremia
- Loss of sodium from the ECF - Excess water in the ECF
52
Name some conditions that can cause hyponatermia by causing sodium loss
- Vomiting, Diarrhea,Kidnesy disease,Addisons disease
53
What can hyponatremia, loss of sodium lead to
- Edema -Seizures,death
54
What is hyperntremia caused by
- Loss of water from the ECF - Excess sodium in the ECF
55
What is the role of Central Diabetes Insipidus in causing hyperntremia
It stop the secretion of ADH, which leads tp the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, causing sodium concentration to increase
56
What is the effect pf hypernatremia on cells
- Causes water to leave cell, leading to cell shrinage
57
What is Edema
Accumulation of fluid in the body tissues
58
What causes Intracellular Edema
-Hyponatremia-(Low sodium levels) -Metabolic depression or Inadequate nutrition -Inflammation which increases membrane permeability, allowing sodium and water to enter the cells
59
What causes Extracellular Edemaa
-Increased capillary pressure -Decreased Plasma proteins -Increased capillary permeability -Lymphatic blockage
60
What causes Lymphedema
- Blocked lymphatic flow
61
Name the saftey factors that prevent Edema
-Low tissue compliance -Increased Lymph flow -Washdown of Proteins

Medicine Sem 1 (61 decks)

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