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Medicine Sem 1 > Cytology Week 11 > Flashcards

Cytology Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe compact(cortical bones) and its location

A

-Dense and located near the surface of the bones

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2
Q

Explain where cancelous(trabecular ) bones are located

A
  • Deeper within interconnecting cavities
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3
Q

What is the bulbous end of Long bones called

A

Epiphyses

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4
Q

What is the cylindrical part of Long bones called

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

Explain what Epipyses are composed of

A

— Cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

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6
Q

Explain the structure of Diaphysis

A
  • Compact bone with thin layer of cancerous bone around the marrow cavity
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7
Q

Name examples of were short bones are located

A

In the wrists and ankles

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8
Q

Explain the structure of Short bones

A
  • Contains a core of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone
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9
Q

Explain the structure of flat bones

A

Two layers of compact bones separated by a thicker layer of cancellous bone around

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10
Q

At microscopic level: compact and cancellous bone show two what 2 types of Organization :

A
  • Mature lamellar bone
    -Woven bone
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11
Q

What is lamellar bone characterized by

A
  • ## multiple layers of calcified matrix
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12
Q

What type of collagen fibers does lamellar bone contain

A
  • Type 1 collagen fibers
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13
Q

What are Osteons
-What do central canals contain

A

-They are Cylindrical units with lamella surrounding a central canal
- Blood vessels,nerves

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14
Q

What is the outer boundary of the osteon and what does it contain

A
  • Cement line
    -Non collagen proteins, minerals and collagen
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15
Q

Name the 2 bone regions

A
  • Interstitial lamellae
    -Circumferential lamellae
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16
Q

-What is Woven bone -What does it contain

A
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17
Q

What are the characteristics/propeties of Woven bone

A
  • Lower mineral content
  • higher porportion of osteocytes than LAMELLAR bone
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18
Q

What is the first bone to appear during embryonic development and fracture repair

A

-Woven bone

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19
Q

Where are the areas thst Woven bone is retained

A
  • Near the sutures of the calvaria
    -Insertions of some tendons
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20
Q

Name the 2 main stages that occur in the bone development process

A

-Intramembranous Ossification
-Endochondral Ossification

21
Q

Explain bone formation process very breifly

A
  • It initally produces woven bone but this is then later replaced by stronger lamellar bone.
22
Q

Explain briefly want happens in intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and secrete osteoid.

23
Q

Explain briefly what happens in Endochondral Ossification

A

A hyaline cartilage matrix is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which begin producing osteoid.

24
Q

What type of bones does intramembraneous ossification form
+examples

A
  • Flat bones such as :
    -Skull
    -Scapula
    -Clavicle
25
Q

Explain the key features in intramembranous ossification:include
-Osteprogenitor cells
-

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells proliferate(increase in number) and form osteoblasts
    -Osteoblasts secrete osteoid which calcifies into woven bone.
  • woven bone is later replaced by compact and cancellous bone.
26
Q

In intramembranous ossification what does Non-ossified mesenchymal regions become

A

-Periosteum and endosteum

27
Q

What bones does Endochondral Ossification produce

A

-Most bones icluding long bones

28
Q

Name the 4 main stages in Endochondral Ossification

A
  • Bone collar formation
    -Cartilage Calcification
    -Primary Ossification center
    -Secondary Ossification center
29
Q

Explain the first and second step of enchondral ossification(Bone collar formation + Cartilage calcification)

A
  • Osteoblasts form perichondrium and create the collar
    -Chondrocytes hypertrophy, secrete matrix proteins and initiate calcification
30
Q

Name the 2 cartilage regions that continue to remain in Endochondral Ossification

A

-Articular Cartilage
-Epiphyseal Growth plate

31
Q

What happens in the 2nd+3rd step of Endochondral ossification(primary and secondary ossification)

A
  • Osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage, forming woven bone.
  • Develop later at epiphyses, creating cancellous bone.
32
Q

What does bone remodelling involve and function

A

-continuous bone resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts.
-Maintains bone shape

33
Q

Why does bone have an excellent repair capacity

A

-Due to osteoprogenitor cells

34
Q

Name the 3 phase bone repair

A

Phases of repair:
-Formation of fibrocartilage.
-Replacement of fibrocartilage with a temporary woven bone callus.
-Remodeling into mature bone.

35
Q

Where does the skeleton sotre 99% of the bodys calcium

A
  • In the hydroxyapatite crystals
36
Q

What is the function of the Parathyroid hormome in hormonal regulation of calcium

A
  • Raises blood calcim levels
    -Stimulates osteoclasts activity by acting on osteoblast
37
Q

What is the funtion of the hormone Calcitonin in the regulation of calcium

A
  • Lowers blood calcium levels
    -Inhibits osteoclasts activity
38
Q

Name the 2 hormones resposnible for the regulation of calcium

A

-Parathyroid hormone
-Calcitonin

39
Q

What do joint types determine

A

The degree of movement between bones

40
Q

Name the 4 different types of joints

A

-Synarthroses
-Synostoses
-Syndesmoses
-Symphyses

41
Q

What are intervetberal disc composed of

A
  • Fibrocartilage
42
Q

What is the function of intevertebral discs

A
  • Provide support and cushioning
43
Q

What are joints connected and stabilized by

A

Connective tisues

44
Q

What type of movement does synarthroses have

A

-Little or no movement

45
Q

What are the synarthroses joints subdivided into

A

-Synostoses
-Syndesmoses
-Symphyses

46
Q

Explain the strutcure and movement of synostoses joints

A
  • Bones are fused allowing no movement
47
Q

What are syndesmoses joints joined by

A

Dense connective tissue

48
Q

What are symphyses joints joined by

A
  • Fibrocartilage pad and thin articular cartilage

Medicine Sem 1 (33 decks)

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