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Medicine Sem 1 > Biochemistry week 13 > Flashcards

Biochemistry week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical formula of Carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of

A

Monasacharide building blocks

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3
Q

Name the 4 types of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides
    -Disaccharides
    -Oligosaccharides
    -Polysaccharides
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4
Q

What are oilgomonasacchardies made of

A
  • 3-10 monosaccharides
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5
Q

What are polysaccharides made of

A
  • Long chains of monosaccharides conected by glycosisidc bonds
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6
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose
    -Galactose
    -Frcutose
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7
Q

Name 2 disaccharides

A

-Sucrose
-Lactose

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8
Q

Name 3 polysaccharies

A
  • Cellulose,starch,glycogen
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9
Q

What do simple carbohydrates consists of

A

-Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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10
Q

What does comples carbohydrates consists of

A
  • Polysaccharides
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11
Q

What are Aldoses

A
  • Carbohydrates with an aldehyde group as the most oxidized functional group.
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12
Q

What are Ketoses

A

-Carbohydrates with a ketone group as the most oxidized functional group.

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13
Q

What is the first step of Carbohydrate digestion(Digestion of Polysaccharides and Disaccharides)

A
  • ## Breaking down the polymers into simpler soluble form
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14
Q

Where does digestion of carbohydrates start

A
  • In the mouth .
    Where the saliva has a slighly acidic pH of 6.8 and contains salivary amylase
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15
Q

What is the overview name of the 2nd step of carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • Conversion to monosaccharides
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16
Q

Explain how the Di + polysaccharides are converted to Monosaccharides

+ examples of enzymes

A
  • Enzymes in the intestine break down the di + polysaccharides to monosaccharides by intestinal saccharides.

Maltases: Hydrolyze di- and trisaccharides.

Specific Disaccharidases:
Sucrase-isomaltase: Breaks sucrose and isomaltose.
Lactase (β-galactosidase): Breaks lactose.
Trehalase: Breaks trehalose.

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17
Q

What is the final step of digestion of carbohydrates

A
  • They are absorbed in the intestine via
    -Passive diffusion
    -Facilitated diffusion
    -Active transport
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18
Q

What is the name of the 2 intestinal transportors for glucose uptake

A

-Sodium Dependent (SGLT1)
-Sodium independent (GLUT2)

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19
Q

Explain the sodium-depenedent (SGLT1) transporter for glucose

A

Sodium-Dependent (SGLT1):
Primary transporter for glucose and galactose from the small intestine.
Uses sodium (Na⁺) gradient for active transport

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20
Q

Explain the sodium independent (GLUT2) transporter for glucose uptake

A
  • Transports glucose into intestinal cells during glucose-mediated translocation
  • Plays a role in glucose uptake into the portal circulation
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21
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the intestine

A

Via GLUT5, which is a specialised transported with a high affinity for fructose

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of SGLT1( sodium dependent) for the absorption of Na:
-The role of Na gradient
-Maintaining the Na gradient (pump)

A
  • Role of Na⁺ Gradient:
    The intestinal lumen has a higher Na⁺ concentration compared to epithelial cells, enabling Na⁺-dependent glucose transport.
    Maintaining the Na⁺ Gradient:

A Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane actively removes Na⁺ from epithelial cells into the extracellular space, preserving the Na⁺ gradient.
Glucose Absorption:
After uptake via SGLT1, glucose is transported into the bloodstream.

23
Q

What is the function of GLUT transporters

A

Facilitate passive diffusion of glucose and fructose from areas of higher to lower concentration.

24
Q

Explain the model for transport and how GLUT glucose transportes work

A

Binds glucose on one side of the membrane, undergo a conformational change , and then release it on the other side of the membrane

25
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found

A

various tissues especially erythrocytes

26
Q

Where is GLUT 2 found

A
  • Intestine,pancrease,liver and kidney
27
Q

Where is GLUT 3 found

A
  • Neurons and itestine
28
Q

what type of receptor is GLUT 4 and where is it found

A

Insuline-sensitive receptor
- In skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

29
Q

What type of transporter is GLUT 3

A
  • High-affinity glucose transporter
30
Q

Where is GLUT 5 found

A
  • intestine
    -kidney
31
Q

What is the purpose of SGLT inhibitors

A
  • They are drugs used to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
32
Q

Explain the mechanism of SGLT inhibitors

A

These drugs inhibit the Na+-coupled glucose transporter SGLT2 in the kidneys.
This prevents the reabsorption of filtered glucose, causing glucose to be excreted in the urine.

33
Q

Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur

A
  • In cytoplasm
34
Q

What is the name of the 2 phases that the pentose phosphate pathway consits of

A
  • Oxidative phase
    -Non-oxidative phase
35
Q

Explain what happens in the oxidative phase

A
  • Irreversible reactions
    -Producing 2 NADPH , ribulose-5-phospahte and CO2 per glucose-6-phosphate
36
Q

Explain what happens in the Non oxidative phase
+ what it requires

A

-Reversible reactios:
That converts 5 carbon sugars into intermediates of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
- Requires transketolase, which depends on thiamine

37
Q

What is NADPH required for

A
  • Fatty Acid and cholesterol biosynthesis
    -Steroid hormone biosynthesis
38
Q

What are the 4 sites of the Pentose Phosphate pathway

A
  • Liver,adipose tissue, RBCS, adrenal cortex
39
Q

If NADPH acts as an inhibitor what does it inhibit in the PPP

A
  • Inhinits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
40
Q

What does thiamin deficiency lead to in the PPP

A
  • Abnormal transketolase activity
41
Q

What is the definition of the reactive oxygen species

A
  • Where oxygen can accept single elctrons to form reactive oxygen species including:
    -Superoxide
    -Hydrogen peroxide
    -Hydroxyl radical
42
Q

What type of damage can Reactive oxygen species do

A
  • ROS can cause damage to lipids,proteins leading to free radical damage
43
Q

What can help to protect against Reactive oxygen species

A

-Enzymes
-Vitamins such as C and E which protect against radical damage

44
Q

How does the structure of NADPH differ from NADH

A
  • The presence of a phosphate group
45
Q

What are the primary uses of NADPH

A
  • Biosynthesis
    -Phagocytosis
    -Defense againts the reactive oxygen species
  • Antioxidant defense(Hydrogen Peroxide reduction)
46
Q

What is G6PD deficiency

A
  • It is a hereditary condition causing hemolytic anemia due to the inability to detoxify oxidizing agents
47
Q

Whos is G6PD deficicency most common in

A

Males

48
Q

What may G6PD deficiency provide protection against

A

Malaria

49
Q

Name the 4 main roles of G6PD in RBC

A

-Produces NADPH,
-Decreased NADPH
-Oxidative damage forms Heinz bodies
Rigid RBCs are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

50
Q

Name the 3 precipitating factors in G6PD deficiency

A

-Oxidant Drugs
-Favism
-Infections

51
Q

What are symptoms of G6PD deficiency

A
  • May present as dark urine
    -Recurrent hemolysis after exposure to triggers
52
Q

Give examples of Oxidant drugs as a precipitating factors

A
  • Antibitoics
    -Antipyretics
53
Q

What is producing NADP important for as a role of G6PD deficiency

A
  • Maintaining reduced glutathione
54
Q

What does decreasing NADPH as a role of G6PD do

A
  • Reducsed detoxification of free radicals and peroxides

Medicine Sem 1 (33 decks)

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