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Medicine Sem 1 > Biochemistry week 11 > Flashcards

Biochemistry week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is carbohydrate and lipid oxidized to generate

A
  • ATP
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2
Q

What is the primary energy carrier

A

ATP

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3
Q

Where does most energy production occurs through

A

Redox reactions in the mitochondria

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4
Q

What is ATP synthesis tightly coupled with

A

respiration

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5
Q

What does Gibbs free energy measure

A
  • It measures the maximum energy obtainable from a reaction at constant temperature and pressure
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6
Q

What type of reactions produce ATP

A

Catabolic reactions

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7
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A
  • Contains Adenine (base), ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
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8
Q

What is the name of the bonds between the phosphate groups

A

Phosphoanhydride bons

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9
Q

Name some common uses of ATP

A
  • Active transport
    -Biosynthetic reactions
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10
Q

What is the primary function of Mitochondria

A

Essential for aerobic metabolism

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A
  • Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Where does fatty Acid oxidation and ATP production take place

A
  • Mitochondria
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13
Q

What is the energy from the oxidation of reduced coenzymes used for

A
  • To synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the Outer mitochondrial membrane

A
  • Contains enzymes and transport proteins
    -Permeable to ions,small molecules and proteins
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A
  • Impermeable to most ioms and small molecules
    -Contains transporters for selective molecule translocation
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16
Q

Where is the electron Transport chain embedded

A
  • It is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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17
Q

What are the components of the ETC(what it includes)

A

It includes large protein complexes + 2 smaller components:
-Ubiquinone (co enzyme Q)
-Cytochrome C

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18
Q

Explain the mechanism of electron transfer

A
  • Electrons move through a sequence of redox reactions
  • The flow is the from molecules with negative reduction potentials to those with positive reduction potentials
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19
Q

Where are electrons donate from in the ETC

A
  • By reduced nucleotide enzymes
20
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A
  • where oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor, combining i=with electrons to form water
21
Q

How does electrons loose energy in the ETC

A
  • They loose energy at each step of the way
22
Q

What drives proton transport

A
  • Energy released from electron transfer drives proton transprt from the mitochondrial matrox to inermembrane space
23
Q

What is involved in creating a proton gradient

A
  • 3 proton pumps
24
Q

What is the purpose of a proton gradient

A
  • The gradient powers ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation
25
Q

What is the purpose of Electron shuttles

A

They allow the oxidation of cytosolic NADH without the physical transfer into the mitochondrion

26
Q

Name 2 types of electron shuttles

A

-Glycerol -3-phosphate shuttle
-Malate - Aspartate shuttle

27
Q

What is the mechanism of the glycerol -3-phosphate mechanism

A

-NADH reduces DHAP to G3P in the cytosol
-G3P is oxidized back to DHAP at the mitochondrial membrane, transferring electrons to FAD to form FADH2
- Elextrons enter the ETC via ubiquinone

28
Q

What is a common use of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

A

In skeletal muscles

29
Q

What are common uses of the Malate-Aspartate shuttle

A

Heart and liver

30
Q

Explain the mechanism for Malate-Aspartat shuttle

A
  • Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate in the cytoplsm
    -Malate crosses the inner mitochondrial membrane and it is reoxidized to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria
31
Q

What is ATP synthesis in the mitochondria driven by

A
  • The proton gradient during the oxidation of NADH and FADH2
32
Q

Name the 3 major coenzymes

A
  • NAD +
    -FAD
    -FMN
33
Q

How are the 3 major coenzymes reduced

A
  • Electrons are transferred from carbohydrates and fat reducing them
34
Q

What is the reduced form of the 3 Major coenzymes

A
  • NADH
    -FADH2
    FMNH2
35
Q

What does NAD+ accept when being reduced

A
  • Hydride ion with 1 proton and 2 electrons
36
Q

What does FAD and FMN accept when being reduced

A
  • 2 electrons and 2 protons
37
Q

Name the 4 protein complexes that the ETC contains

A

complex 1 -NADH dehydrogenase
complex 2 - Succinate dehydrogenase
complex 3-cytochrome bc1
complex 4 -cytochrome C oxidase

38
Q

What is the function of complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase)

A

-Accepts electrons from NADH and trasfers them to FMN and to coQ
- Pumps 4 H+ (protons) into the intermembrane space

39
Q

What is the function of the complex 2 (succinate dehydrogenase)

A
  • Trasnfers electrons from FADH2, then to coA
40
Q

What is the function of complex 3(cytochrom bc1)

A

Transfers electrons from coQ to cytochrome C
-Pumps 4 protons (H+ ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane

41
Q

What is the function of complex 4 (cytochrome c oxidase)

A
  • Reduces oxygen to water using electrons from cytochrome c
  • Pumps 2 H+ ions across the membrane
42
Q

Explain the structure of ATP synthase and functions

A
  • Composed of 2 domains
    -F0 domain: forms an H+ channel
    -F1 domain: Where ATP sythesis occurs
43
Q

Explain how protons are pumped and what it creates

A
  • The protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space at complexes 1,3,4. This creates:
    -An electrical gradient
    -A pH gradient
    These combined drive ATP synthesis
44
Q

Explain the process of ATP synthesis

A

-The H+ ions flow back into the matrix through the F0 channel
-This drives the rotation of the c-ring in the F0 domain
- Rotation causes a conformational change in the 3 beta subunits of the F1 domain , enabling:
-binding of ADP + pi
-Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
-

45
Q

What are the effects of uncouplers

A
  • Increased respiration and heat productiom
46
Q

Name 2 types of uncouplers

A
  • uncoupling protein-1
    -2,4 dinitrophenol

Medicine Sem 1 (33 decks)

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