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Medicine Sem 1 > Cytology week 9 (Got 3 content) > Flashcards

Cytology week 9 (Got 3 content) Flashcards

Adipose Tissue

1
Q

What is Adipose tissue?

A

Connective tissue that is dominated by fat stroing cells called adipocytes

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2
Q

Where and how can adipoctyes be found

A

-In small groups within connectove tissues or in large aggregates in organs

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3
Q

What are the 5 main functions of Adipose tissue

A
  • Energy Storage
    -Regulation of Metabolism
    -Endocrine Role
    -Thermal insulation
    -Mechanical support
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4
Q

What are the types of Adipose tissue

A
  • White Adipose tissue
  • Brown Adipose Tissue
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5
Q

What is the function of white Adipose tissue

A

-Specialised for fat storage

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6
Q

What does white adipose tissue contain

A
  • Large cytoplasmic droplets of whitish-yellow fat
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7
Q

What does brown adipose tissue contain

A
  • Multiple lipid droplets
  • Abundant Mitochondria
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8
Q

What is the function of the brown adipose tissue

A
  • Releases heat to warm the blood
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9
Q

What is white adipose tissue composed of?

A
  • Composed of large adipocytes with a single large triglyceride droplet
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10
Q

Why do adipocytes appear empty in slides

A
  • Due to lipid removal
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11
Q

Explain the tissue structure of white adipose tisue

A
  • The white adipose tissue is divided into lobules by connective tissue containing vascular bed and nerve networks
    -Reticular fibres from a suppoertive network around adipocytes
    -
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12
Q

White adipocytes can store triglycerides derived from what 3 sources

A
  • Dietary fats
    -Lipids synthesized in the liver
    -Free fatty acids and glycerol
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13
Q

Explain how dietary fats are sources of triglycerides for storage( How are dietery fats transported

A

-Transported into the blood as chylomicrons, which are lipid particles formed in the small intestine
- Chhylomicorns

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14
Q

What does chylomicron contain

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
    -Cholestrol
    -Apolipoproteins
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15
Q

How are liver sythesized lipids transported in the blood

A
  • As very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
  • Smaller than chylomicrons, they are synthesized in the liver cells and categorised based on density
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16
Q

Where are free fatty acids and glycerol produced

A
  • They are produced within adipocytes
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17
Q

Explain the triglycericde storage process

A

Hydrolysis of chylomicrons and VLDLs
- Occurs at capillary surfaces via lipoprotein lipase (synthesized by adipocytes).
-Free fatty acids enter adipocytes through active transport and diffusion.
-Fatty acids combine with glycerol phosphate (from glucose metabolism) to form triglycerides, stored in lipid droplets.

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18
Q

What is the role of insulin in the triglycerid storage process

A
  • Stimulates glucose uptake and conversion into triglycerides
  • Increase lipoprotein lipase producttion and inhibits lipid mobilization
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19
Q

Explain the stimulation process of lipid mobilization process

A

Stimulation:

Triggered by hormones (e.g., norepinephrine, growth hormone).
Hormone-sensitive lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

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20
Q

Explain the transport process in lipid mobilization

A

Transport:

Free fatty acids bind to albumin in blood for transport.
Glycerol is transported freely in blood and taken up by the liver.

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21
Q

Explain the regulation process in lipid mobilization

A

Regulation:

Insulin inhibits lipase activity, reducing fatty acid release and promoting lipid synthesis.
Other hormones (e.g., leptin) regulate appetite and adipose tissue formation.

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22
Q

Name the 3 processes in order in lipid mobilization

A

-stimulation
transport
regulation

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23
Q

Describe visceral fats

A
  • Loacted in the abdomen
    -Associated w increasing risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease
  • Prodcuts are released directly to the portal circulation and liver
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24
Q

Describe subcutaneous fats

A
  • Beneath the skin and is less associated w medical risks
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25
Explain the development of white adipose tissue
-Adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cells. -Development involves preadipocytes, which resemble larger fibroblasts with lipid droplets. Lipid droplets in white adipocytes fuse into a single large droplet
26
How are beige adipocytes formed
-Beige adipocytes form alongside white adipocytes in white adipose tissue.
27
Explain how adipocytes are formed in adulthood
-New adipocytes arise near small blood vessels from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
28
When does obesity occur
When energy intake exceeds expenditure
29
In adulthood obesity what is there a increase in
- Adipocyte size
30
In childhood obesity what is there an increase in
- Adipocyte size and volume
31
Where is brow adipose tissue primarly located
- Back -Neck -Shoulders
32
Why does brown adipose tissue have a brown colour
- Due to abundant mitochondria and a rich capillary networl
33
Explain the quantities of brown adipose tissue during childhood+ adolesence compared to adulthood
- Amount of BAT is reduced during childhood and adolesence - But persists/still present in adult areas like kidneys adrenal gland and aorta
34
What is the structure of Brown Adipose tissue
- Has polygonal cells, which are smaller than white adipocytes with a centrally located nuclei -Organised into libules by connective tissue partitions -
35
What are the functions of Brown Adipocytes
MAIN FUNCTION:- Heat production through non shivering thermogenesis - Fatty acids are metaoblised within the cell, leading to increased oxygen consumption and heat production - Nerve impulses relaease norepinephrine which activates hormone-sensitive lipase promtoing triglyceride breakdown
36
What is the general characteristics of Cartilage
- Cartilage is a tough and durable supporting connective tissue -It is charcterised by an extracellular matrix with high concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) ,proteoglycans , collagen and elastic fibers - The ECM provides a firm consistency
37
What are the functions of cartilage
- Supports softer tissues in the respiratory tract, ears and nose -Provides cushioning and smooth lubricated surfaces in joints to allow movement
38
What is cartilage composed of
-Composed of chondrocytes which are located in the matrix cavities called lacunae
39
What is the function of chondrocytes
- Synthesize and maintain all ECM components
40
Name the types of cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage -Elastic Cartilage -Fibrocatrilage
41
Explain hyaline cartilage - Where it is found - And apperance
-Found in joints, respiratory structures, and growth plates; has a glassy ECM appearance.
42
Explain Elastic cartilage -What it contains -Where it is found
- Contains elastic fibers, providing flexibility -Found in the ear and epiglottis
43
Explain Fibrocartilage -what it contains -where is it found
- Contains dense collagen fibers for strength - Found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphis
44
What is the name of the 2 processes in which cartilage grows through
- Interstitial growth -Appositional growth
45
What is the perichondrium and function
- It is a dense connective tissue that surrpunds cartilage -Provides blood supply and a small neural component - Absent in articular cartilage
46
What is the most common type of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
47
What is the role of hyaline in embryos
- Forms the temporary skeleton, which is later replaced by bone during development.
48
What does the Matrix of the hyaline cartilage contain and explain them
- Collagen: mostly type 2 collagen -Proteoglycan: Embedded in a firm hydrated gel that gives the matrix its basophillic nature -Structural Glycoproteins: Includes chondroncetin
49
Name and describe a type of proteoglcan in hyaline cartilage
- Aggrecan: - It is the most abundant proteoglycan with a core protein
50
What is Chondroncetin
- It is a mulit adhesive glycoprotein - It Facilitates the adhesion of chondrocytes to the extracellular Matrix
51
Name the two types of chondrocytes
-Peripheral chondrocytes -Deeper chondrocytes
52
What is the function of chondrocytes
- They secrete collagen and ECM components
53
What is the perichondrium in the Hyaline Cartilage
- Dense connective tissue layer that covers the hyaline cartilage
54
What is the function of the perichondrium
- It is essential for cartilage growth and maintenance
55
Describe the structure of the perichondrium(outer layer and inner layer/what it contains)
-Outer layer: Composed mainly of type 1 collagen and fibroblasts -Inner Layer: Contains mesenchymal stem cells
56
What is the structure of Elastic Cartilage
-Contains an abundant network of elastic fibers and type 2 collagen fibrils
57
What is the apperance of elastic cartilage and why
- Yellow colour due to the presence of elastic fibers
58
Where do Osteoblasts originate from
- Mesenchymal stem cells
59
What is the function of the Osteoblasts
Produce organic components of the bone matrix -Type 1 collagen Proteoglycans -matricellular glycoproteins
60
Where are osteoblasts located
On the bone matrix surfaces
61
What happens to osteoblasts after activity
- Differentiate into osteocytes - Undergo apoptosis -flatten to become bone lining
62
How do osteocytes form
When osteoblasts become surrounded by the matrix
63
Where is Osteocytes found
- Enclosed in the lacunae
64
What is the function of osteocytes
- Acts as mechanosensors, detecting mechanical load and microdamage to the bone - Produce proteins with paracrine and endocrine effects that regulate bone remodelling -
65
Compare the Osteocyte structure to the Osteoblasts
Osteocytes have: -Less RER, smaller Golgi complexes - More condensed nuclear chromatin
66
What is the structure of Osteoclasts
-Large,multinucleated motile cells
67
How are osteoclasts formed
By the fusion of marrow-derived monocytes
68
What is the role of Osteoclasts in Bone remodelling
- Reabsorbing the bone matrix
69
What do osteoclats require for activation/development
- M-CSF (macrophage-colony-stimulating factor) RANKL

Medicine Sem 1 (61 decks)

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