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Medicine Sem 1 > Cytology week 9 (Got 3 content) > Flashcards

Cytology week 9 (Got 3 content) Flashcards

Adipose Tissue

1
Q

What is Adipose tissue?

A

Connective tissue that is dominated by fat stroing cells called adipocytes

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2
Q

Where and how can adipoctyes be found

A

-In small groups within connectove tissues or in large aggregates in organs

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3
Q

What are the 5 main functions of Adipose tissue

A
  • Energy Storage
    -Regulation of Metabolism
    -Endocrine Role
    -Thermal insulation
    -Mechanical support
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4
Q

What are the types of Adipose tissue

A
  • White Adipose tissue
  • Brown Adipose Tissue
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5
Q

What is the function of white Adipose tissue

A

-Specialised for fat storage

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6
Q

What does white adipose tissue contain

A
  • Large cytoplasmic droplets of whitish-yellow fat
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7
Q

What does brown adipose tissue contain

A
  • Multiple lipid droplets
  • Abundant Mitochondria
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8
Q

What is the function of the brown adipose tissue

A
  • Releases heat to warm the blood
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9
Q

What is white adipose tissue composed of?

A
  • Composed of large adipocytes with a single large triglyceride droplet
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10
Q

Why do adipocytes appear empty in slides

A
  • Due to lipid removal
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11
Q

Explain the tissue structure of white adipose tisue

A
  • The white adipose tissue is divided into lobules by connective tissue containing vascular bed and nerve networks
    -Reticular fibres from a suppoertive network around adipocytes
    -
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12
Q

White adipocytes can store triglycerides derived from what 3 sources

A
  • Dietary fats
    -Lipids synthesized in the liver
    -Free fatty acids and glycerol
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13
Q

Explain how dietary fats are sources of triglycerides for storage( How are dietery fats transported

A

-Transported into the blood as chylomicrons, which are lipid particles formed in the small intestine
- Chhylomicorns

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14
Q

What does chylomicron contain

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
    -Cholestrol
    -Apolipoproteins
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15
Q

How are liver sythesized lipids transported in the blood

A
  • As very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
  • Smaller than chylomicrons, they are synthesized in the liver cells and categorised based on density
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16
Q

Where are free fatty acids and glycerol produced

A
  • They are produced within adipocytes
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17
Q

Explain the triglycericde storage process

A

Hydrolysis of chylomicrons and VLDLs
- Occurs at capillary surfaces via lipoprotein lipase (synthesized by adipocytes).
-Free fatty acids enter adipocytes through active transport and diffusion.
-Fatty acids combine with glycerol phosphate (from glucose metabolism) to form triglycerides, stored in lipid droplets.

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18
Q

What is the role of insulin in the triglycerid storage process

A
  • Stimulates glucose uptake and conversion into triglycerides
  • Increase lipoprotein lipase producttion and inhibits lipid mobilization
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19
Q

Explain the stimulation process of lipid mobilization process

A

Stimulation:

Triggered by hormones (e.g., norepinephrine, growth hormone).
Hormone-sensitive lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

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20
Q

Explain the transport process in lipid mobilization

A

Transport:

Free fatty acids bind to albumin in blood for transport.
Glycerol is transported freely in blood and taken up by the liver.

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21
Q

Explain the regulation process in lipid mobilization

A

Regulation:

Insulin inhibits lipase activity, reducing fatty acid release and promoting lipid synthesis.
Other hormones (e.g., leptin) regulate appetite and adipose tissue formation.

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22
Q

Name the 3 processes in order in lipid mobilization

A

-stimulation
transport
regulation

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23
Q

Describe visceral fats

A
  • Loacted in the abdomen
    -Associated w increasing risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease
  • Prodcuts are released directly to the portal circulation and liver
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24
Q

Describe subcutaneous fats

A
  • Beneath the skin and is less associated w medical risks
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25
Q

Explain the development of white adipose tissue

A

-Adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cells.

-Development involves preadipocytes, which resemble larger fibroblasts with lipid droplets.

Lipid droplets in white adipocytes fuse into a single large droplet

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26
Q

How are beige adipocytes formed

A

-Beige adipocytes form alongside white adipocytes in white adipose tissue.

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27
Q

Explain how adipocytes are formed in adulthood

A

-New adipocytes arise near small blood vessels from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

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28
Q

When does obesity occur

A

When energy intake exceeds expenditure

29
Q

In adulthood obesity what is there a increase in

A
  • Adipocyte size
30
Q

In childhood obesity what is there an increase in

A
  • Adipocyte size and volume
31
Q

Where is brow adipose tissue primarly located

A
  • Back
    -Neck
    -Shoulders
32
Q

Why does brown adipose tissue have a brown colour

A
  • Due to abundant mitochondria and a rich capillary networl
33
Q

Explain the quantities of brown adipose tissue during childhood+ adolesence compared to adulthood

A
  • Amount of BAT is reduced during childhood and adolesence
  • But persists/still present in adult areas like kidneys adrenal gland and aorta
34
Q

What is the structure of Brown Adipose tissue

A
  • Has polygonal cells, which are smaller than white adipocytes with a centrally located nuclei
    -Organised into libules by connective tissue partitions
    -
35
Q

What are the functions of Brown Adipocytes

A

MAIN FUNCTION:- Heat production through non shivering thermogenesis
- Fatty acids are metaoblised within the cell, leading to increased oxygen consumption and heat production

  • Nerve impulses relaease norepinephrine which activates hormone-sensitive lipase promtoing triglyceride breakdown
36
Q

What is the general characteristics of Cartilage

A
  • Cartilage is a tough and durable supporting connective tissue
    -It is charcterised by an extracellular matrix with high concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) ,proteoglycans , collagen and elastic fibers
  • The ECM provides a firm consistency
37
Q

What are the functions of cartilage

A
  • Supports softer tissues in the respiratory tract, ears and nose
    -Provides cushioning and smooth lubricated surfaces in joints to allow movement
38
Q

What is cartilage composed of

A

-Composed of chondrocytes which are located in the matrix cavities called lacunae

39
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes

A
  • Synthesize and maintain all ECM components
40
Q

Name the types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
    -Elastic Cartilage
    -Fibrocatrilage
41
Q

Explain hyaline cartilage
- Where it is found
- And apperance

A

-Found in joints, respiratory structures, and growth plates; has a glassy ECM appearance.

42
Q

Explain Elastic cartilage
-What it contains
-Where it is found

A
  • Contains elastic fibers, providing flexibility
    -Found in the ear and epiglottis
43
Q

Explain Fibrocartilage
-what it contains
-where is it found

A
  • Contains dense collagen fibers for strength
  • Found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphis
44
Q

What is the name of the 2 processes in which cartilage grows through

A
  • Interstitial growth
    -Appositional growth
45
Q

What is the perichondrium

A
  • It is a dense connective tissue that surrpunds cartilage
    -Provides blood supply and a small neural component
  • Absent in articular cartilage
46
Q

What is the most common type of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage

47
Q

What is the role of hyaline in embryos

A
  • Forms the temporary skeleton, which is later replaced by bone during development.
48
Q

What does the Matrix of the hyaline cartilage contain and explain them

A
  • Collagen: mostly type 2 collagen
    -Proteoglycan: Embedded in a firm hydrated gel that gives the matrix its basophillic nature
    -Structural Glycoproteins: Includes chondroncetin
49
Q

Name and describe a type of proteoglcan in hyaline cartilage

A
  • Aggrecan:
  • It is the most abundant proteoglycan with a core protein
50
Q

What is Chondroncetin

A
  • It is a mulit adhesive glycoprotein
  • It Facilitates the adhesion of chondrocytes to the extracellular Matrix
51
Q

Name the two types of chondrocytes

A

-Peripheral chondrocytes
-Deeper chondrocytes

52
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes

A
  • They secrete collagen and ECM components,Pushing aggregated cells apart inro seperate lacunae
53
Q

What is the perichondrium in the Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Dense connective tissue layer that covers the hyaline cartilage
54
Q

What is the function of the perichondrium

A
  • It is essential for cartilage growth and maintenance
55
Q

Describe the structure of the perichondrium

A

-Outer layer: Composed mainly of type 1 collagen and fibroblasts
-Inner Layer: Contains mesenchymal stem cells

56
Q

What is the structure of Elastic Cartilage

A

-Contains an abundant network of elastic fibers and type 2 collagen fibrils

57
Q

What is the apperance of elastic cartilage and why

A
  • Yellow colour due to the presence of elastic fibers
58
Q

Where do Osteoblasts originate from

A
  • Mesenchymal stem cells
59
Q

What is the function of the Osteoblasts

A

Produce organic components of the bone matrix
-Type 1 collagen
Proteoglycans
-matricellular glycoproteins

60
Q

Where are osteoblasts located

A

On the bone matrix surfaces

61
Q

What happens to osteoblasts after activity

A
  • Differentiate into osteocytes
  • Undergo apoptosis
    -flatten to become bone lining
62
Q

How do osteocytes form

A

When osteoblasts become surrounded by the matrix

63
Q

Where is Osteocytes found

A
  • Enclosed in the lacunae
64
Q

What is the function of osteocytes

A
  • Acts as mechanosensors, detecting mechanical load and microdamage to the bone
  • ## Produce proteins with paracrine and endocrine effects that regulate bone remodelling
65
Q

Compare the Osteocyte structure to the Osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes have:
-Less RER, smaller Golgi complexes
- More condensed nuclear chromatin

66
Q

What is the structure of Osteoclasts

A

-Large,multinucleated motile cells

67
Q

How are osteoclasts formed

A

By the fusion of marrow-derived monocytes

68
Q

What is the role of Osteoclasts in Bone remodelling

A
  • Reabsorbing the bone matrix
69
Q

What do osteoclats require for activation/development

A
  • M-CSF (macrophage-colony-stimulating factor)
    RANKL

Medicine Sem 1 (33 decks)

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