Anatomy week 3,4,5 Flashcards
What is the role of the intervertebral disks
They act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility, forming the anterior wall of the vertebral canal
What is the vertebral joints supported by
Strong ligaments
What is the role of the invertebral foramina?
It allows the passage of spinal nerves
What is the function of the vertebral canal?
It passes through the centre of the vertebral colomn and it encloses the spinal cord, spinal meinges and the spinal nerve roots
When the vertebral column is viewed laterally name AND describe the types of curavtures evident?
-Kyphotic curvature(Primary curvature) in the thoracic and sacral regions and it is present before birth
- Lordotic: It is in the cervical and lumbar regions
When the vertebral column is viewed laterally NAME the types of curavtures evident?
kyphotic- primary
Lordotic- secondary
Where does the vertebrae decrease from?
From the sacrum to the coccyx
Where does the vertebrae increase in size from?
From the cervical to Lumbar regions
How many vertebrae is in the vertebrae column and name the 5 regions it is divided in plus their numbers
33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 fused coccygeal
What is the functions of the vertebral column
- It protects the spinal cord
- Supports the head and neck
- Transfers body weight to the limbs
What do common vertebrae structures include?
- Anterior vertebral body
- Posterior vertebral arch
- Paired transverse arch
- Superior and inferior Articular processes
- Vertebral foramen
Describe the cervical vertebrae
- It is the smallest vertebrae
- It supports the head and forms the posterior skeleton
- The 7 cervical vertebrae are characterised as typical or atypical
Describe the typical cervical vertebrae and name the Cnumbers included.
- Has a small body, large vertebrae foramen and it has bifid spinal processes
- Consists of C3 - C6
Descibe the atypical cervical vertebrae and name the C numbers included.
C1- It has no vertebral body or spinous process
- and has lateral masses and connects the skull and C2- Has peg like dens that connects with C2s anterior arch
C7- Has long, palpable spinous proceeses
What is the alternative name for the C1
Atlas
What is the alternative name for the C2
Axis
What is the alternative name for the C7
Vertebrae Prominens
What does the thoracic vertebrae contain?
-Long spinous processes that project inferiorly
- Heart shaped ventral bodies
- Superior and inferior articular facets
- Costal facets
What does the Lumbar vertebrae contain
- Large bodies
-short,broad spinous processes - Interarticular part
Describe the contents of the sacral vertebrae
The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum, which forms the back wall of the pelvis and connects laterally with hip bones
What is the extrinsic muscles and what muscles does it contain
- It is the most superficial muscle and it is involved in stabilising and moving the upper limb.
It includes : Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, the rhomboid major and minor
What are the intrinsic muscles?
They attach to vertebrae or ribs and they are resposnible for moving and supporting the vertebral column.
It is arranged in 3 layers:
- superficial layer
- Intermediate
- Deep
Describe the Superficial layer
It includes the splenius muscle group and the muscles extend and rotates the head and neck
What does the Sacrum contain?
- The sacral canal
- Median sacral crest
- Medial sacral crest
- Sacral foramina
- Promontory
How is the coccyx formed?
By the fusion of 4 small coccygeal vertebrae
Describe the coccyx structure
-It is triangular in shape
-Articulate with the sacrum at the sacrococcygeal joint
Name the joints in the Craniovertebral joints
- Atlanto-Occipital joints
-Atlanto axial joints
What is the Craniovertebral joints?
- They are synovial joints between the skull and C1
Name and explain the 2 joints in the Craniovertebral joints
Atlanto Occipital joints:
- Between the skull and C1 allowing head flexion and extension
Atlanto axial joint:
- Between C1 and C2 allowing head rotation
Name the joints of the vertebral bodies
- Uncovertebral joints
- IIntervertebral joints
Explain the Uncovertebral joints
-Form between the C3 and C7 vertebrae and the vertebral bodies above them
- They develop during child hood due to fissures in intervertebral cartilage
Explain the Intervertebral joints
- Located between the intervertebral disks(IV) and vertebral bodies, acting as shock absorbers.
Explain the Intervertebral (IV) disk structure and height in the intervertebral joint
IV disk structure:
- Composed of an outer fibrous ring and inner gelatinous core
IV disk height
-The IV disk height is the heighest in the cervical and lumbar regions
Name the joints of the vertebral arch and its alternate name
- Zygapophyseal joints
(facet joints)
Explain the zygapophyseal joints
They are synovial joints between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae. The orientation of the joints differ among regions and influences the degree and direction of movement of the vertebral coloumn
Describe the position and movement of the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical joint
-The joints are in the horizontal plane , allowing movements in various directions
Describe the position and movement of the zygapophyseal joints in the thoracic joint
Joints are in the coronal plane, allowing mainly lateral flexion
Describe the position and movement of the zygapophyseal joints in the lumbar joint
- Joints are in the sagittal plane, allowing flexion and extension
Explain the intermediate layer in the intrinsic muscle
- Contains the erector spinae muscle group, the main extensions.
- It stabilises the thoracic and lumbar spine
- Contains 3 muscle groups
Name the three columns in the itermediate layer
-Iliocostalis(lateral column)
-Longissimus(Middle column)
Spinalis(Medial column)
Explain the purpose of the 3 muscle columns in the intermediate layer
- Iliocostalis (lateral column): Extends from thoracolumbar fascia and ribs to cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
-Longissimus (middle column): Extends from the sacrum to the temporal bone, ribs, and vertebrae.
Spinalis (medial column): Connects spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Explain the deep layer of the intrinsic muscle
- Consists of small muscles that provide fine movements along the vertebral column
What is the deep layer of the intrinsic muscle divided into?
- Transversopinalis musle group, which includes:
- Semispinalist muscle
- Multifidus
- Rotatores
What does the Transoversopinialis muscle group include in the deep layer?
- Semispinalist muscle
- Multifidus
- Rotatores
What is the role of the craniovertebral ligaments?
They support the cranial vertebral joints
Name the three craniovertebral ligaments
-Atlantooccipital membranes
- Alar ligaments
-Cruciform ligaments
What is the role of all the 3 types of craniovertebral ligaments
ATLANTO-OCIPITAL- These connect occipital bone to the anterior posterior arches of the atlas(C1)
Alar ligaments: Secure the dens of C2 to the skull.
Cruciform ligament: Consists of longitudinal fibers and a transverse ligament, securing the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas.
what does the cruciform ligament do
- Consists of longitudinal fibres and transvers ligaments, securing the anterior arch of the atlas
What does the Thoracic skeleton include?
Sternum
12 pair of ribs
12 Thoracic vertebrae
What is the role of the Thoracic skeleton
It protects the thoracic organs and provide attachment points for the upper limbs
Briefly describe the sternum structure
- It is a flat , long, elongated bone that has 3 parts
- Manubrium
-Body
Xiphoid process
Name and Explain the 1st Part of the sternum
- Maubrium
- It is the upper of the sternum
- it articulates with the costal cartilage of the 1st and 2 nd ribs
- Features the jugular notch
Explain the second part of the sternum
Body
- It fuses with the manubrium at the manubriosternal joint
- Articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs 2-7 ribs
Explain the second part of the sternum
Body
- It fuses with the manubrium at the amnubriosternal joint
- Articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs 2-7 ribs
Explain the 3rd part of the sternum
Xiphoid process
- This is the lowest part of the sternum
-Joins with the body t the xiphisternal joint
What is the sternal angle
A palpable ridge marking the fusion of the manubrium and the body
Name 2 longitudinal ligaments
-Anterior Longitudinal ligament
- Posterior Longitduinal Ligament
Describe the 2 types of longitudinal ligaments
- ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT
- Broad band from the occipital bone, to the sacrum , attaching to vertebral bodies and Iv disks to prevent hyper flexion
POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENTS - A thin band extending from the C2 to the sacrum along the vertebral canal,attching to the IV disks resisiting hyperflexion
Name the three different types of ribs and their numbers
- True Ribs(1-7)
- False ribs(8-10)
- Floating ribs(11-12)
Explain the different types of ribs
True Ribs- Attach directly to the sternum, via individual costal cartilages
False Ribs-Attach indirectly to the sternum through the cartilage of the rib bone
Floating Ribs: Do not connect to the sternum
Name the 3 joints in which the ribs are articulate at
- Costochondral joints
- Sternocostal joints
- Costovertebral joints
Name the 2 different apertures
- Superior Thoracic Aperture
- Inferior Thoracic Aperture
Explain the first Thoracic Aperture
- Bounded by the T1 vertebrae, 1st Ribs and the manbrium of the sternum
- Allows communication between the thorax and the neck
What is the superior thoracic aperture bound by and its role?
- Bounded by T1 vertebrae, 1st Ribs, and the maubrium of the sternum
- It allows communication between the thorax and the neck
What is the 2nd Thoracic Aperture
- Inferior Thoracic Apertures
Explain the 2nd Thoracic Apertures
- Bounded by the T12 vertebrae, 11th and 12th, ribs, costal margin and xiphoid process
- Closed by the muscular diaphgram, sperating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Where is the costochondral joints located?
Between the bony rib sections ( 1-10) and their respective costal cartilages
Where is the sternocostal joints located?
Between the sternum and Costal cartilages of ribs 1 -7
Where are sternocostal joints
Between the sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 1-7
Where are the costal vertebral joints
Between the ribs and vertebrae
What does the lymphatic system include
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid organs
What is the key function of the lymphatic system
- Drains excess extra cellular fluid
- Supports the immune response
- Transports fat, large proteins
What does the lymphatic organs include .
Primary lymphatic organs
Secondary lymphatic organs
What does the primary lymphoid organ contain?
-Thymus
- Bone Marrow
What does the secondary lymphoid organ contain?
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- MALT
- Waldeyers ring
- BALT in airways and GALT
What is lymph
A clear extracellular fluid that is collected by the lymphatic capillaries and transported through the vessels
What are the 3 vessels of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Lymphatic vessels
- 2 Major lymphatic trunks
What does the 2 major lymphatic trunks consisit of ?
- The left lymphatc trunk( thoracic duct)
- The right lymphatic trunk
What is the function of the left lymphatic trunk( thoracic duct)
Drain the lymph from the right and left lower quadrants
What is the function of the right lymphatic duct
colects the lymph from right upper quadrant and empties it into the right venous angle
Name the tributaries of the thoracic duct
- Left jugular trunk:
- Left subclavian
-Left bronchomediastinal trunk:
-Intestinal trunks:
-Right and left lumbar trunks:
Name the tributaries of the right lymphatic duct
- Right jugular trunk
- Right bronchomediastinal trunk
- Right subclavian trunk
Name the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic Wall
- Upper limb muscles
- Scalene muscles
Name the Intrinsic muscles of the thoracic wall
-Intercostal muscles
- Subcostal Muscles
- Transversus Thoracic Muscles
What muscles does the upperl limb muscles contain and their role
- Pectoralis major
- pectorlias minor
- Serratus anterior
What muscles does the scalene muscles include and their role
- Anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles
- Assists in respiration
What do the intercostal muscles in the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic wall contain? And which are superficial layer, middle layer and the deepest layer?
-External intercostals
- Internal intercostals
- Innermost intercostals
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
- Stabilises the ribs during quiret breathing
- Moves the ribs during forced respiration
What is the role of the transverus thoracic muscle
- Assist in rib movements during respiration
Where is the subcostal prominent ?
- In the lower thoracic wall
Name the ligaments that join the vertebral arches
- Ligamenta flava
- Supraspinous ligaments
- Nuchal ligaments
In the deep layer of intrinsic muscles, what do the deep segments of the back include?
- Interspinales
- Intertransversarii
-Levatores costanum
What is the function of the Pulmonary Trunk?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
- It divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
What is the Thoracic Aorta divided into?
-Ascending Aorta
- Aortic Arch
- Descending Aorta
Explain the Ascending Aorta
- Arises from the left ventricle
- Ends at the T4 level
- Its branches are the left and right coronary arteries
Explain the Aortic Aorta
- Curves posteriorly over the left lung
-Ends at the T4 level
-3 branches arises from the arch: - Brachiolephalic Trunk
- Left common cartoid artery
- Left subclavian artery
What 3 branches arise from the Aortic Arch?
- Brachiolephalic trunk
-Left common cartoidartery - Left subclavian artery
+thoracic branches
Explain the descending Aorta
-Continuation of the Aortic Arch
Its thoracic branches are:
- Posterior intercostal arteries
- Visceral branches
Explain the functions of the branches in the Aortic Arch
Brachiolephalic Trunk - Bifurcates into the right common cartoid and the rights subclavian arteries
Left common Cartoid: Supplies the neck
-Left subclavian artery: supplies the arm and and neck
