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cytology connective tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the connective tissues?

A
  • Provide a structural matrix, that supports and connects tissues and cells, forming body organs
  • Interstitial fluid allows the exchange of nutrients and waste between cells and the blood supply
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2
Q

What is the major components of the connective tissue?

A
  • Extracellular matrix
    which insludes protein fibres, Ground substances, Water
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3
Q

What do the differences in the composisiton of cells, fibers and ground substances create?

A

They create a structural and functional variability across the connective tissue types

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4
Q

Where do connective tissues originate from?

A
  • Embryonic mesenchymne
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5
Q

What is the structure of mesenchymal cells?

A
  • They are undiferentiated cells with a large nuclei and spindle-shaped cytoplasmic extensions
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6
Q

Name types of connective tissues

A
  • Soft connective tissues proper
    -specialsied types( bone, cartilage)
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7
Q

What are the most common cells in connective tissue proper?

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

What are the roles of fibroblasts?

A
  • Proudcing and maintaning ECM components including:
    -collagen
    -elastin
  • Ground substances

-The ECM compoents are synthesisied and secreted by fibroblasts and then further modified outside the cell to form the matrix

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9
Q

Name the 2 cell states of fibroblasts

A
  • Active fibroblasts
  • Quiescent fibroblasts(fibrocytes)
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10
Q

Explain the strutcure of fibroblats in an Active fibroblast state

A
  • Larger with abundant cytoplasm and irregular branches
    -Contain a lot of RER and well developed Golgi Apparatus
  • Nucleus is large,eurochromatic, with a prominent nucleolus
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11
Q

Explain the structure of Quiescent fibroblasts

A
  • Smaller, spindle-shaped with fewer cytoplasmic processes
  • Less RER darker heterochromatic nucleus
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12
Q

What are adipcoytes also known as?

A

Fat cells

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13
Q

What are adipocytes dervived from?

A

Mesenchymne

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14
Q

Where are adipocytes found?

A

Connective tissues of verious organs

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15
Q

What are the functions of Adipocytes?

A
  • Energy storage: They store lipds for metabolic use
  • Cushioning + insulation:Protect and insulate skin and internal organs
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16
Q

What is the functions of Macrophages

A

-Specialize in phagocytosis
-Secrete growth factors critical for tissue repair and regeneration
-Play a role in antigen processing and presentation for lymphocyte activation.
-Abundant at sites of inflammation and involved in tissue repair.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Macrophages: Nucleus, surface and Cellular structure

A

Nucleus:
- Oval or kidney shaped
Surface:
- Irregular with pleats and protrusions, aiding pinocytotic and phagocytic activity
Cellular Structure:
- Contains well developed Golgi Apparatus and
many lysosomes

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18
Q

Where do Macrophages orgiinate from?

A

Originate from monocytes circulating in the blood.
Monocytes migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages.

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19
Q

Where do Monocytes form?

A

-Monocytes form in the yolk sac during early embryonic development and become part of the mononuclear phagocyte system

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20
Q

What do macrophages do in response to inflammation?

A
  • Increase in size and protein synthesis
  • Recruit additional monocytes from bone marrow
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21
Q

What is the structure of Mast cells?

A
  • Oval or irregularly shaped
  • Contains Basophillic secretory granules which change the colour of basic dyes from blue to purple/red due to sulfated GAGs
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22
Q

What is the function of Mast cells?

A

They release bioactive substances invloved in:
-Local inflammatory responses
- Innate immunity
-Tissue repair

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23
Q

Name some examples of the molecules released from Mast cells?

A

-Histamine
-Chemotactic factors
-Cytokines

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24
Q

Where are Mast cells found?

A

-Found near small blood vessels in skin and mesenteries
-Located in tissues lining the digestive and respiratory tracts

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25
Q

What is the role of Mast cells in hypersensitivity?

A
  • They trigger immediate hypersensitivity reactions
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26
Q

Explain the process of Mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • First exposure to an antigen produces IgE antibodies
  • IgE antbody binds to mast receptors
  • Upon 2nd Exposure, atigen - IgE interaction, triggers rapid degranilation
  • Degranulation leads to sudden allergic reactions
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27
Q

Where are plasma cells derived from?

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A
  • Specialised in producing antibodies
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29
Q

What is the structure of plasma cells?

A
  • Large, ovoid cells with basophilli cytoplasm rih in RER
  • Contains a large Golgi Apparatus near the nucleus
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30
Q

What is the structure of the Nucleus in plasma cells?

A
  • Spherical
    shows regions of heterochromatin with lighter eurohromatin
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31
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Connective tissues

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32
Q

What is the lifespan of plasma cells?

A

short lived
only 10-20 days

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33
Q

What are leukocytes known as?

A

White blood cells

34
Q

What happens to leukocytes during inflammation

A

The number of them increase

35
Q

What do leukocytes do in migration

A
  • They exit the bloodstream by migrating between endothelial cells
36
Q

What is the lifespan of leukocytes?

A
  • few hours or days
37
Q

Explain the inflammation process in leukocytes

A

-Triggered by the release of chemical mediators from cells, ECM, and blood plasma proteins.
Leads to:
Increased blood flow and vascular permeability.
Activation of macrophages for phagocytosis.

38
Q

What are fibres made from

A

proteins

39
Q

Name the different types of fibres?

A
  • collagen fibres
  • Reticular fibres
  • Elastic fibres
40
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers?

A

Provide strength and support

41
Q

What are reticular fibres made out of?

A

Collagen

42
Q

What are elastic fibres composed of?

A
  • elastin
43
Q

How many types of collagen fibres are there?

A

28

44
Q

Name the three ways collagen fibres are categorised

A
  • Fibrillar collagens
  • Network or sheet forming collagens
    -linking/anchoring collagesn
45
Q

Name the types of collagen in fibrillar collagens

A

Type: 1,2,3

46
Q

Name the types of collagen found in Network or sheet forming collagens

A
  • Type IV = 4
47
Q

Name the type of collagen found in anchorning/linking collagens

A
  • VII
    = 7
48
Q

What colour does eosin turn collagen?

A

Pink

49
Q

What colour does Mallory Trichrome turn collagen fibres?

A
  • Blue
50
Q

What colour does Sirius red turn collagen?

A
  • Red
51
Q

Where is type 1 collagen found and what does it form

A
  • Tendons, dermis,bone
  • Forms Large fibrils and fibers
52
Q

What does type 2 collagen form

A

Fibrils but not fibers

53
Q

What does type IV collagen form

A
  • Sheet like networks
54
Q

What is proline and lysine hydroxylated by in collagen synthesis?

A

hydroxylase enzymes and reuires oxygen, fe 2+ and vitamin C

55
Q

What is the function of proteoglycan and collagens?

A
  • Stabilise fibrils
56
Q

What are reticular fibres composed of

A

Type 3 collagen

57
Q

Where are reticular fibers found

A

Reticular lamina of basement membrane

58
Q

What structures does the reticular fibers surround

A

Adipocytes,smooth muscles ,nerve fibers,small blood vessels

59
Q

What is the structure of elastic fibers?

A
  • Cross linked by desmosine rings
60
Q

What is elastic fibers composed of ?

A
  • Fibrillin microfibrils and telastin
61
Q

Where is elastin fibres found?

A
  • Found in tissues
  • large arteries
62
Q

Explain the elastic property of elastic fibres and its function

A
  • They have a rubber like elasticity
  • This allows tissues to stretch and return to their shape
63
Q

What does elastic fibres stain well with?

A
  • Orcein and aldehyde fuchsin
64
Q

What are ground substances?

A
  • Highly hydrated, ECM component that fills space between cells and fibers in connective tissues
65
Q

What is the role of ground substanes?

A
  • Facilitates diffusion
  • Acts as a lubricant
  • And acts as a barrier
66
Q

What are the major components in ground substances

A
  • GAGs
  • proteoglycans
    -Water and interstitial fluid
  • Multiadhesive glycoproteisn
67
Q

What is the structure of GAGs and function

A
  • Long negatively chared polysaccharides
  • Provide lubrication,cushioning
68
Q

What does proteoglycan conatin?

A
  • A core protein with covalently attached GAGs
69
Q

What is the role of Multi adhesive glycoproteins?

A
  • communication and adhesion
70
Q

What does water contain and what is its role?

A
  • water and ions
  • Acts as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange
71
Q

What does reticular tissue contain?

A
  • Type 3 collagen fibers
  • macrophages and dedritic cells
72
Q

what is the function of reticular tissue?

A
  • Provides a specialised microenvironment for cells
  • creates a netwrok that facilitates the passage of leukoytes and lymph
73
Q

Where is mucoid tissue found?

A
  • Fetal umbilical cors
74
Q

What does mucoid tissue contain?

A
  • Sparse collagen fibers and scattered fibroblasts
  • and mesenchymal stem cells
75
Q

What are the components of connective tissue proper?

A
  • loose and dense
76
Q

Where are loose connective tissues found

A

beneath epithelial linings of organs

77
Q

What does loose connective tissue contain

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • collagen elastic and reticular fibers
78
Q

What is a property of loose connective tissue

A
  • flexible
79
Q

Name the 2 types of dense connetive tissue types

A

dense irregular
dense regular connetive tissue types

80
Q

Where are deep irregular connective tissues found?

A
  • Deep dermis and organ capsules
81
Q

Where are dense regular connetive tissues found?

A
  • Tendons
    -Ligaments
    -Aponeurons

Medicine (11 decks)

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