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Human Biology Year 12 > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do

A

Takes messages from receptors to and from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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2
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system composed of

A
  1. Nerve fibres that carry information to and from the CNS
  2. Groups of nerve cell bodies called ganglia
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3
Q

what are the two types of nerves

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. Spinal nerves
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4
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brain

A

12 pairs of nerves

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5
Q

how many spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord

A

31 pairs of nerves

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6
Q

describe what cranial nerves are

A

Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.

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7
Q

what are sensory fibres

A

Fibres that carry impulses into the CNS

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8
Q

what are motor fibres

A

Fibres that carry impulses away from the CNS

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9
Q

what are the two different divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. afferent division
  2. efferent division
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10
Q

describe what the afferent division is

A

Has fibres that carry impulses into the CNS by sensory neurons from receptors in the skin and around muscles and joints.

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11
Q

describe what the efferent division is

A

Has fibres that carry impulses away from the CNS.

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12
Q

what are the divisions of neurons found in the afferent division

A
  1. somatic sensory neurons
  2. visceral sensory neurons
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13
Q

what are somatic sensory neurons

A

Bring impulses from the skin and muscles

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14
Q

what are visceral neurons

A

Bring impulses from the internal organs

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15
Q

what are the two main divisions of the efferent division

A
  1. somatic division
  2. autonomic division
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16
Q

what is the somatic divison

A

Takes impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

17
Q

what is the autonomic divison

A

carries impulses from the CNS to the heart, involuntary muscles and glands. Controls the body’s internal environment.

18
Q

what are five body functions regulated by the autonomic division

A
  1. heart rate
  2. blood pressure
  3. body temperature
  4. digestion
  5. pupil diameter
19
Q

what are the sub-categories of the autonomic division?

A
  1. sympathetic division
  2. parasympathetic division
20
Q

what is the sympathetic division

A

control flight or fight responses

21
Q

what are three changes the sympathetic division will have on the body during a stressful or fearful situation

A
  1. contraction of the heart will increase causing a rise in blood pressure
  2. blood vessels contract in organs not involved in a activity
  3. secretion of sweat glands increases
22
Q

what is the parasympathetic division

A

controls normal day-to-day activities.

23
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Contains axons of sensory neurons that have their cell bodies in a small swelling known as the dorsal root ganglion.

24
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Contain the axons of motor neurons that have their cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

25
Q

Compare both the autonomic and somatic divisions (effectors, general function, efferent pathways, neurotransmitter at effector, control, nerves to target organ, effect on target organ.

A

Autonomic division -
1. Heart muscle, involuntary muscle, glands
2. Adjustment of the internal environment.
3. Two nerve fibres from the CNS to the effector with synapse in a ganglion.
4. Acetylcholine or noradrenaline
5. Usually involuntary
6. Two sets - sympathetic and parasympathetic
7. Excitation or inhibition.
Somatic division -
1. Skeletal muscles
2. Response to the external environment
3. One nerve fibre from the CNS to the effector. No synapse and no ganglion.
4. Acetylcholine
5. Usually voluntary
6. One set
7. Always excitation

26
Q

Outline the effects of sympathetic stimulation

A

Heart - Increases heart rate and strength of contraction.
Lungs - Dilates bronchioles.
Stomach - Decreases movement.
Liver - Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose.
Iris of the eye - Dilates pupil.
Sweat glands - Increases sweat secretion.
Salivary glands - Decreases secretion of saliva.
Blood vessels (skin) - constrict vessels.
Blood vessels (skeletal muscles) - Dilates vessels.
Blood vessels (internal organs) - COntricts vessels.
Urinary bladder - Relaxes muscles of the wall.
Adrenal medulla - Stimulates hormone secretion.

27
Q

Outline the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

A

Heart - Decreases rate and strength of contraction.
Lungs - contract bronchioles.
Stomach - Increases movement.
Liver - Increases uptake of glucose and synthesis of glycogen.
Iris of the eye - Contricts pupil.
Sweat glands - no effect.
Salivary glands - Increase secretion of saliva.
Blood vessels (skin) - Little effect.
Blood vessels (skeletal muscles) - No effect.
Blood vessels (internal organs) - Little effect.
Urinary bladder - Contricts muscles of the wall.
Adrenal medulla - No effect.

Human Biology Year 12 (104 decks)

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