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Human Biology Year 12 > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Is a form of genetic engineering that involves introducing DNA into a cell from a different type of organism or DNA that has been modified in some way.

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2
Q

What does recombinant DNA technology produce?

A
  • Recombinant DNA
  • Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
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3
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

Is synthetic DNA made by inserting genes from one source into a DNA molecule from a different source.

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4
Q

What is a genetically modified organism?

A

An organism produced by genetic engineering.

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5
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

Is an organism that has genetic material from another organism artificially inserted.

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6
Q

What are two examples of transgenic organisms?

A
  1. Golden rice
  2. Glofish
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7
Q

Describe golden rice as a transgenic organism

A

Is a genetically modified, biofortified crop. Biofortification increases the nutritional value of crops. Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta carotene, which is not normally present in rice. Beta carotene is converted into vitamin A when metabolized by the human body.

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8
Q

Describe glofish as a transgenic organsim.

A

Are a type of transgenic zebrafish that have been modified through the insertion of a green fluorescent protein gene.

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9
Q

What cuts DNA?

A

Endonucleases such as restriction enzymes.

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10
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

An enzyme that cuts strands of DNA at a specific point of certain sequences called recognition sites.

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11
Q

What are endonucleases?

A

An enzyme that breaks a nucleic acid within the strand by separating two nucleotides.

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12
Q

Where can restriction enzymes be found?

A

Bacteriophages

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13
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

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14
Q

What are restriction sites?

A

A specific sequence of nucleotides at which an enzyme cuts a strand of DNA. They are 4 to 8 bases in length and palindromic.

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15
Q

What different cuts do restriction enzymes produce?

A
  1. Straight cuts
  2. Staggered cuts
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16
Q

What are straight cuts?

A

Is when a restriction enzyme makes a clean break across the two strands of DNA to produce a blunt end. A blunt end is when both strands terminate in a base pair.

17
Q

What are staggered cuts?

A

Results in fragments with sticky ends. A sticky end is a stretch of unpaired nucleotides in the DNA molecule that overhang at the break in the strands.

18
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

Is the glue that sticks fragments of DNA together. It joins the phosphate group at the end of one strand to the sugar molecule at the end of another strand after the complementary bases from hydrogen bonds.

19
Q

What is the process of DNA ligase working called?

A

Ligation

20
Q

Outline the 6 steps of how recombinant DNA works.

A
  1. Gene is isolated and cut at recognition sites using restriction enzymes.
  2. The enzyme cuts DNA on either side of the gene in a staggered cut which produces sticky ends.
  3. The plasmid is Isolated and cut with the same restriction enzyme which produces sticky ends.
  4. DNA ligase splices the gene into the vector.
  5. Treat the bacterium so that the recombinant DNA is taken up into the bacterial cell.
  6. Bacteria is left to divide and produce clones.
  7. Bacteria will now be able to produce the protein using the donor DNA.
21
Q

Outline how recombinant DNA can produce a vaccine for hepatitis B.

A
  1. Plasmid DNA is cut with restriction enzymes.
  2. The hepatitis B antigen-producing gene is spliced with the plasmid DNA to form the recombinant DNA.
  3. This recombinant DNA is introduced into a yeast cell and placed into a fermentation tank.
  4. In the fermentation tank recombinant yeast cells multiply and produce the hepatitis B antigen.
  5. They will be extracted and purified resulting in the heptitis B vaccine.
22
Q

What is a vector?

A

Is a bacterial plasmid that is used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another.

23
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Is a form of genetic engineering where humans select desired traits and choose parents based on these traits.

Human Biology Year 12 (104 decks)

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