Immunity

Question 1

Define natural immunity

Answer 1

Occurs without any human intervention.

Question 2

Define artificial immunity

Answer 2

Results from giving people an antibody or antigen.

Question 3

Define passive immunity

Answer 3

Immunity is produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person. The body plays no role in producing antibodies.

Question 4

Define active immunity

Answer 4

The immunity is produced by the body manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen.

Question 5

what are the types of vaccines

Answer 5

1. Live attenuated vaccines
2. Inactivated vaccines
3. Toxoid vaccines
4. Sub unit vaccines

Question 6

what is a live attenuated vaccine

Answer 6

Are living microorganisms with reduced virulence. That is microorganisms with a reduced ability to produce disease symptoms.

Question 7

What are Inactivated vaccines?

Answer 7

Contain dead microorganisms that provide short-lasting immunity.

Question 8

What are Toxoid vaccines?

Answer 8

Contain inactivated toxins from bacteria called toxoids.

Question 9

What are Subunit vaccines?

Answer 9

Instead of using whole dead or attenuated micro-organisms, Subunit vaccines use a fragment of the organism to provoke the immune response.

Question 10

Define herd immunity.

Answer 10

Is a type of ‘group’ immunity that occurs when such a high proportion of people in a population are immunised that those who are not immune are protected, therefore protecting the whole population.

Question 11

What are Antibiotic drugs?

Answer 11

Are used to fight bacteria. They cannot treat infections.

Question 12

What are the types of antibiotics?

Answer 12

1. Bacterial antibiotics
2. Bacteriostatic antibiotic

Question 13

What are bacterial antibiotics?

Answer 13

Kill bacteria by chance by changing the structure of the cell wall or membrane. Damage to the cell wall or membrane disrupts the action of essential enzymes.

Question 14

What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Answer 14

Stop bacteria from reproducing by distrupting protein synthesis.

Question 15

What are antiviral drugs?

Answer 15

They are used for treating viral infections. They are harder to develop. Because viruses invade the host cells, they not only kill the virus but also affect the host cell.

Question 16

Define immunity.

Answer 16

Is the resistance to infection by invading micro organisms.

Question 17

What type of immunity would be if antibodies enter the bloodstream across the placenta or in breast milk?

Answer 17

Natural passive immunity

Question 18

What type of immunity would it be if antibodies are manufactured as a result of an attack of a disease?

Answer 18

Natural active immunity

Question 19

What type of immunity would it be if antibodies are injected into the bloodstream?

Answer 19

Artificial passive immunity

Question 20

What type of immunity would it be if antibodies are manufactured from being given an antigen by a vaccination?

Answer 20

Artificial active immunity

Question 21

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used against viruses.

Answer 21

Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Viruses are not living. They reproduce inside other living organism cells and cannot be killed by a chemical antibiotic. Antibiotics work by destroying cell membranes or walls of bacteria, but cannot do this to virus

Question 22

Why would identifying an antigen of a disease help organisations develop vaccines?

Answer 22

Vaccines work by introducing the body to a harmless version of the antigen, if you don’t know the antigen you cannot create a vaccine. Once identified vaccines can be made and given to many members – to reduce spread.

Question 23

What effect would be giving a person that was previously infected with a disease give their blood to a person suffering from a disease?

Answer 23

Blood may still contain antibodies against the virus which will prevent the action of any viruses within the blood. This will give the infected person’s own immune system more time to develop its defences against the virus so they can recover.